Chortkiv
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Chortkiv
Чортків | |
|---|---|
 St. Stanislaus Church | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Chortkiv Location of Chortkiv in Ukraine  Chortkiv Chortkiv (Ukraine) | |
| Coordinates: 49°00′27″N 25°47′26″E / 49.00750°N 25.79056°E | |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Ternopil Oblast |
| Raion | Chortkiv Raion |
| Hromada | Chortkiv urban hromada |
| Magdeburg rights | 1533 |
| City status | 1939[1] |
| Government | |
| • City Mayor | Volodymyr Shmatko |
| Area | |
• Total | 30 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 218 m (715 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 28,279 |
| • Density | 940/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 48500—48509 |
| Area code | +380 3552 |
| Website | [1] |
 | |
Chortkiv (Ukrainian: Чортків, IPA: [tʃortˈkiu̯] ; Polish: Czortków; Yiddish: טשארטקאוו, romanized: Tshortkov) is a city in Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Chortkiv Raion, housing the district's local administration buildings. Chortkiv hosts the administration of Chortkiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[3] Population: 28,279 (2022 estimate).[4]
Chortkiv is located in the northern part of the historic region of Galician Podolia on the banks of the Seret River.[1][5]
In the past Chortkiv was the home of many Hasidic Jews; it was a notable shtetl and had a significant number of Jews residing there prior to the Holocaust. Today, Chortkiv is a regional commercial and small-scale manufacturing center.[5] Among its architectural monuments is a fortress built in the 16th and 17th centuries[6] as well as historic wooden churches of the 17th and 18th centuries.[7]
History
[edit]
The first historical mention of Chortkiv dates to 1522,[1] when Polish King Sigismund I the Old granted an ownership order for Jerzy Czortkowski over the town and allowed him to name it after himself—Czortków.[7] The small community, numbering at 50 families, were almost all massacred during the Chmielnicki Uprisings of 1648–9. Jewish leadership opposed the resettlement of Jews in Chortkiv until 1705.[8] During that time, the town was also granted Magdeburg rights.[5] However, Chortkiv would later decline in the second half of the 17th century during Ottoman Expansion of central Europe. The town was taken over by Ottoman Empire,[5] whose rule lasted 27 years. It was part of the short-lived Turkish Podolia Eyalet, which lasted from 1672 to 1699. During this period, it was nahiya centre in Yazlofça sanjak as Çortkuv (Spelled as Chortkoov in Turkish).[9] After First Partition of Poland Chortkiv came under Austro-Hungarian rule which lasted from 1772 to 1918, during the time of which it was the center of the Chortkiv Bezirk except brief Russian rule between 1809 and 1815 as part of Tarnopol Governorate. On June 8, 1919 the Ukrainian Galician Army broke for couple months through the Polish front at Chortkiv and began the Chortkiv offensive.[5] Soon afterwards, the town was seized by the Poles. It was ceded to sovereign Poland in the Peace Treaty of Riga between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine, and remained part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic until the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939.
In 1931, the town had 19,037 inhabitants, 10504 were Polish Roman Catholics, 4860 were Ukrainian and Polish Jews, and 3633 were Ukrainian.
Chortkiv was an important garrison of the Polish Border Defence Corps Brigade "Podole", whose commandant from 1935 to 1938 was General Stefan Rowecki. Furthermore, it was home to the 36th Reserve Infantry Division.
The town was annexed by the Soviet Union from September 17, 1939 until June 1941. Its Polish inhabitants, particularly students of the local high school, organized a failed uprising in January 1940,[10] which would serve as the first Polish uprising of World War II. In the last days of June 1941, following the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviets executed an estimated 100 to 200 prisoners held in the local prison. The remaining prisoners were evacuated further east, either by train or on foot, while hundreds died due to the inhumane conditions of transport or at the hands of guards.[11]
From 1941-1944 Chortkiv was annexed to Nazi Germany. The Jewish residents were persecuted and deported as part of the Holocaust. When the Nazis arrived, they proceeded to execute many of the local Jews, including the family of Charles Schumer, American Senate Majority Leader. The surviving Polish residents of the town were transferred to the Recovered Territories in the immediate postwar period (see Polish population transfers (1944–1946)). After the defeat of the Nazis by the Red Army in 1944, the town returned to Soviet control until in 1991 it became part of independent Ukraine.
Due to heavy destruction of Ternopil, in 1944 Chortkiv served as a regional seat.[12]
In January 1989 the population was 26 681 people.[13][1]
In January 2013 the population was 29 640 people.[14]
In 2019, at the 40-meter height of the tower of the Saint Stanislaus church in Chortkiv, archaeologist, researcher of fortifications and antiquities Volodymyr Dobrianskyi discovered a detonator of a shrapnel projectile, according to its flight trajectory determined that the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 7th cannon regiments (64 guns) under the command of Ataman Kirill Karas during the Chortkiv offensive (June 7–28, 1919) were stationed in the woods west of the village of Shmankivtsi in the Chortkiv district.[15]
Until 18 July 2020, Chortkiv was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Chortkiv Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Chortkiv Raion.[16][17]
The former Chortkiv Air Base is located nearby.
Religion
[edit]Existings
[edit]- Church of the Dormition (1584; wooden; restored in the 1990s);
- Church of the Ascension (UGCC; 1630; wooden; rebuilt in 1717; restored in 1997);
- Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (UGCC; 1854; brick);
- Church of the Intercession (OCU, 1905; brick);
- Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (OCU; brick);
- Saint Volodymyr the Great church (under construction since 1993; OCU);
- Church of the Transfiguration (UGCC; 2007; brick);
- Saint Michael church (UGCC, 2008; stone);
- Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul (Buchach Diocese of the UGCC, 2001);
- one men's monastery (the Convent of the Holy Family) and two women's monasteries (the Congregation of the Sisters of the Holy Family and the Congregation of the Myrrh-Bearing Sisters) of the UGCC;
- Saint Stanislaus church (1610; rebuilt in the early XX century; restored in 1989);
- two Jewish synagogues – the main one (1680s) and the new one (1909; architect Hans Geldkremer);
- the chapels of Our Lady of Lourdes (1908) and Our Lady of the Cross (2013).
No Longer Existing
[edit]- Church of the Holy Trinity (UGCC; 1607–?);
- Saint Nicholas church (UGCC; 1714–1801);
- Basil of Caesarea Monastery (UGCC; 1607–1792).
Geography
[edit]Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Chortkiv (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) |
0.9 (33.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.2 (75.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
1.8 (35.2) |
8.5 (47.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
13.5 (56.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
7.9 (46.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.1 (21.0) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 31.3 (1.23) |
39.1 (1.54) |
35.7 (1.41) |
47.8 (1.88) |
80.7 (3.18) |
90.3 (3.56) |
92.0 (3.62) |
72.8 (2.87) |
59.9 (2.36) |
37.4 (1.47) |
37.8 (1.49) |
39.0 (1.54) |
663.8 (26.13) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.8 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 104.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.1 | 81.6 | 76.5 | 68.2 | 67.7 | 72.5 | 73.0 | 73.9 | 77.4 | 80.2 | 85.2 | 86.4 | 77.2 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization[18] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
[edit]- Anna Blazhenko (born 1955), Ukrainian journalist
- Sacha Blonder (André Blondel [fr]) (1909–1949), Ecole de Paris painter
- Yaromyr Chorpita (born 1944), Ukrainian historian, local historian, educator
- Oleksii Hunovskyi (1882–1961), Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest, composer, public figure, educator, political prisoner, and head of the Chortkiv District National Council of the ZUNR
- Halyna Hrytskiv (1937—2016), Ukrainian public and cultural figure, poet, publicist, and Easter egg maker
- Roxolana Roslak (born 1940), Ukrainian soprano singer
- Kateryna Rubchakova (1881–1919), Ukrainian actress and singer
- Orest Lyzhechka (born 1958), Ukrainian photo artist, photojournalist
- Waclaw Czerwinski - Polish engineer and pilot, pioneer of Polish gliding,
- Jerzy Czortkowski, founder of Chortkiv
- Maria Maciyivska (born 1918), first soprano Leeds Church Toronto, Ontario 1954 - 2008.
- Bernard Hausner (1874–1938), rabbi, diplomat and member of the Sejm
- Pinchas Horowitz (1731–1805), rabbi and Talmudist
- Jerzy Janicki (1928-2007) – Polish writer and reporter,
- Edward Kmiecik (born 1928) – Polish painter,
- Ireneusz Opacki (1933-2005) – academic of the Katowice Silesian University, expert on Polish literature,
- Olha Pidvysotska (1899–unknown) – Ukrainian soldier, teacher
- Jerzy Przystawa (born 1939) – Polish scientist, physicist,
- Alfred Trawinski – major of the Polish Army, doctor and professor of Medicine Academy of Lviv,
- Tadeusz Wazewski (1896-1972) – Polish scholar, mathematician, professor of Jagiellonian University,
- Shmelke of Nikolsburg (1746–1778), one of the great early Chasidic Rebbes
- Ludwik Noss (1848—1913), Austrian government official, philanthropist, public and educational figure; burgomaster of Chortkiv
- Karl Emil Franzos (1848–1904), Austrian novelist
- Leopold Levytskyi (1906–1973), Ukrainian painter
- Vasyl Makhno (born 1964), Ukrainian poet, essayist, and translator
- Vasyl Marmus (1992—2022), Ukrainian musician, actor, soldier
- Perla (Penina) Richter Feldschu (1900-1943), Warsaw musicologist, wife of Zionist activist Ruben Feldschu (Ben Shem)[19]
- Bernard (Berl) Hausner (1874-1938) father of Gideon Hausner. Gideon was the Prosecutor of Adolf Eichmann, and Attorney General of Israel. Bernard was a Rabbi in Lemberg, Polish consul to Palestine, and Zionist. Migrated to Israel in 1927.
- Volodymyr Zabolotnyi (born 1960), Ukrainian actor, public and religious figure
Gallery
[edit]-
Town hall -
City hall -
Assumption Church -
Historic county court building -
Ruins of Chortkiv Castle and Regimental Church -
St. Stanislaus Church -
Hasidic synagogue -
Railway station -
House of Culture -
City centre and the old Town Hall -
Football Match at Stadium, 1938 -
Peter and Paul Cathedral
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See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Чортков // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 2. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991.
- ^ "Chortkiv (Ternopil Oblast, Chortkiv Raion)". weather.in.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- ^ "Чертковская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
- ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Chortkiv". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "CHORTKIV CASTLE, 1610". Halychyna! - Homeland Page. Central European University Personal Pages. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Foundations of history". chortkiv.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Unicom ISP. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ "Jewish History of Chortkiv". Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
- ^ http://i.piccy.info/i9/50c7ec080439bb1790d77fec4b180a08/1437042927/139143/831035/The_Eyalet_of_Kamanice.jpg Map of Podolia Eyalet
- ^ Gross, Jan Tomasz (2002). Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton University Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-691-09603-1.
- ^ Mikoda, Janina, ed. (1997). Zbrodnicza ewakuacja więzień i aresztów NKWD na Kresach Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu – lipcu 1941 roku. Materiały z sesji naukowej w 55. rocznicę ewakuacji więźniów NKWD w głąb ZSRR, Łódź 10 czerwca 1996 r. [Criminal evacuation of NKVD prisons and detention centers in the Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic in June-July 1941. Materials from the scientific session on the 55th anniversary of the evacuation of NKVD prisoners deep into the USSR, Łódź, June 10, 1996] (in Polish). Warszawa: Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. p. 133–134. ISBN 83-903356-6-2.
- ^ Snitovsky, O. Five centuries of Ternopil. The city of Hetman Jan and mason Leontiy[permanent dead link]. Ukrinform. 28 August 2015
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу
- ^ "Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.96" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2019-07-22.
- ^ Володимир Добрянський, «Чортківська офензива» та домініканський костел святого Станіслава у Чорткові: дослідження свідчень 100-річної давнини // Бережани та Бережанщина в період «Чортківської офензиви»: події, особистості, пам’ять. — Бережани, 2019. — 39—48 с.
- ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
- ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ Laurence Weinbaum "'Shaking the Dust Off". The Story of the Warsaw Ghetto’s Forgotten Chronicler, Ruben Feldschu (Ben Shem)" Jewish Political Studies Review 22:3-4 (Fall 2010)
8. Czortków KehilaLinks Site - JewishGen http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Suchostaw/sl_czortkow.htm
External links
[edit]
- "Main - Informational-Entertaining site of Chortkiv". Chortkiv.te.ua. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- Miri Gershoni Shifris, Site dedicated to city Jews
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