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Christmas market

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The Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, Germany, is one of the most famous Christmas markets in the world.

A Christmas market[a] is a street market associated with the celebration of Christmas during the four weeks of Advent.[1] These markets originated in Germany, but are now held in many countries.[2] Some in the U.S. have adapted the German name to quasi-English Christkindlmarket, swapping German Markt and market.[3][4]

Christmas markets date to the Late Middle Ages in the German-speaking part of Europe and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire, which included many eastern regions of modern France.[2] They became a popular Advent custom during the Reformation era.[1] Dresden's Striezelmarkt was first held in 1434 and one of the first true Christmas markets;[5] earlier markets of the season were "December markets".[5][6] Early mentions of these "December markets" can be found in Vienna (1296),[7] Munich (1310),[5] Bautzen (1384),[8] and Frankfurt (1393).[9]

In many towns in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, Advent is usually ushered in with the opening of the Christmas market or Weihnachtsmarkt. In southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, it is called a Christkind(e)l(s)(i)markt (German language, literally meaning "Christ child market"). Traditionally held in the town square, the market offers food, drinks and seasonal items for sale from open-air stalls, accompanied by traditional singing and dancing. On opening night at the Christkindlesmarkt in Nuremberg, and in some other towns, onlookers welcome the Christkind (originally boy Jesus, but often depicted as an angel-like girl), acted by a local child.

History

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The first traces of Christmas markets in the German-speaking part of Europe and in many parts of the former Holy Roman Empire go back to late medieval sales fairs and—often one-day—markets, which gave citizens the opportunity to stock up on meat and winter necessities at the beginning of the cold season.[10] In 1296, Duke Albert I of Austria granted the Viennese traders the privilege of holding a "December market" to supply the local population.[11]

In the 14th century, the custom arose of allowing craftsmen such as toy makers, basket weavers and confectioners to set up stalls under the name "Saint Nicholas market" to sell the little things that children received as Christmas gifts. There were also stands selling roasted chestnuts, nuts and almonds.[12] A Saint Nicholas market in Munich was first mentioned in a document in 1310. In 1384, King Wenceslas granted the town of Bautzen the right to hold a free meat market on Saturdays from St. Michael's Day (29 September) until Christmas.[13][14]

Over time, the tradition spread throughout the German-speaking world. The first document reporting a Christmas market is dated 1434 during the reign of Frederick II of Saxony, mentioning a Striezelmarkt, which took place in Dresden on the Monday before Christmas. Later, the Reformation continued the tradition by renaming it Christkindlmarkt ("Christ Child market") to combat the cult of saints. The Strasbourg Christmas market dates from 1570,[15] that of Nuremberg from 1628.[16]

In the 19th century, the Christkindelsmärik (in Alsatian) of Strasbourg was held at the Frohnhof (French: Cour aux Corvées) between the Cathedral of Our Lady, the Palais Rohan and the Œuvre Notre-Dame Museum (current Place du Château) and took place eight days before Christmas and until midnight mass.[17]

Since around the first half of the 20th century, markets have become an integral element of pre-Christmas customs. A revival took place in the mid-1990s. Many cities in Europe have established their own Christmas market with chalets and sometimes attractions (ephemeral ice rink, Ferris wheel, etc.), thus offering a more commercial market.

  • Engraving of the Christmas market in Berlin, Germany, 1796
    Engraving of the Christmas market in Berlin, Germany, 1796
  • Litography of the Christmas market in Nuremberg, Germany, in the 19th century
    Litography of the Christmas market in Nuremberg, Germany, in the 19th century
  • Depiction of the Christmas market on the Place Kléber in Strasbourg, France, 1859
    Depiction of the Christmas market on the Place Kléber in Strasbourg, France, 1859

Attractions and stalls

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Traditional gingerbread hearts at a Christmas market in Berlin, Germany

Popular attractions at the markets include the Nativity Scene (a crèche or crib), Zwetschgenmännle (figures made of decorated dried plums), Nussknacker (carved Nutcrackers), Gebrannte Mandeln (candied, toasted almonds), traditional Christmas cookies such as Lebkuchen and Magenbrot (both forms of soft gingerbread), Bratwurst, and Glühwein, hot mulled wine (with or without a shot of brandy), or Eierpunsch (an egg-based warm alcoholic drink) - both a highlight of the market for many visitors. Both help stave off the cold winter air which sometimes dips below freezing. More regional food specialties include Christstollen (Stollen), a sort of bread with candied fruit in Saxony, and hot Apfelwein and Frankfurter Bethmännchen in Hesse.

Major Christmas markets

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See also: List of Christmas markets

Austria

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Advent and Christmas market in Leoben, Austria

Christmas markets are popular traditions in Austria, and are held in Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Linz, and Graz. The first "December Market" was held in Vienna in 1298.[18] Vienna holds 20 different Christmas markets around the city.[18] Most Christmas markets open in late November and last through December, closing between Christmas Day and New Year's Day, with a few staying open for New Year's.[19] The largest Christmas market and one of the most well known is the Vienna Christmas World on Rathausplatz, near the Rathaus, Vienna's historic city hall. The market draws 3 million people each year and includes 150 unique stalls that offer traditional Austrian foods, Christmas decorations and ornaments, handicrafts, and drinks.[20][21] The Vienna Christmas World on Rathausplatz also features an advent theme park called the Adventzauber with workshops and cultural performances that cater to families and young children. Visitors to the Vienna Christmas World can also ice skate on a 3,000-square-metre (32,000 sq ft) ice rink and on frozen paths that run through the Rathausplatz Park.[20]

Other famous Christmas markets include the Christmas Market at Schönbrunn Palace, the Art Advent on Karlsplatz, the Christmas Village at Belvedere Palace, and the Christmas Village on Maria-Theresien-Platz.[21] The Christmas Market at Schönbrunn Palace, “Kultur-und-Weihnachtsmarkt,” takes place in front of the imperial palace. It features Austrian handicrafts and goods as well as a cultural program with activities and workshops. The Art Advent on Karlsplatz offers artisan goods, a children's program, and a petting zoo.[22] Popular food specialities include Kinderpunsch (a non-alcoholic punch), Glühwein, Baumstriezel (a Hungarian pastry coated in cinnamon and sugar), Kartoffelpuffer (potato pancakes), Lángos (savory deep fried dough), Schaumkuss (chocolate covered marshmallows), Stollen (bread with candied fruit), Maroni (roasted chestnuts), Bratkartoffel (roasted potato wedges), Lebkuchen (Austrian gingerbread), and baked potatoes.

France

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The Christkindelsmärik in Strasbourg, France

Christmas markets are traditional in Alsace, France, and most of the towns there have their local Christmas market.[23] Strasbourg has been holding a Christmas market, "Christkindelsmärik," around its cathedral since 1570, when the city was part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.[24]

Germany

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The Striezelmarkt in Dresden, Germany, one of the first Christmas markets in the world

Famous Christmas markets are held in the cities of Augsburg, Dresden, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, and Stuttgart, making them popular tourist attractions during the Christmas holiday season.[25][26] The Nuremberg and Dresden markets draw about two million people each year; the Stuttgart and Frankfurt markets attract more than three million visitors.

The two most visited Christmas markets in Germany are found in Dortmund, with more than three and a half million visitors of 300 stalls around a gigantic Christmas tree that stands 45 metres (148 ft) tall, and in Cologne with 4 million people.[27] Additionally, Berlin claims more than 70 markets, which open in late November and close just after Christmas.[28]

Italy

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See also: Christmas in Italy
Christmas market in Merano, Italy

In Italy, the oldest Christmas market is considered to be that of Bologna, held for the first time in the 18th century and linked to the feast of Saint Lucia.[29] The tradition of the markets has however spread in Italy predominantly especially since the 1990s, with the birth of the first modern markets: among these, the first ever was that of Bolzano, born in 1991, which was followed by others in the area of Alto Adige,[30] in particular in Merano, Bressanone, Vipiteno and Brunico.[31]

The Trento Christmas market, established in 1993, is renowned in Trentino.[32] In Naples, where the tradition of the Neapolitan nativity scene has been famous for centuries, the exhibition of the nativity scenes made in the city's artisan shops is held every year in via San Gregorio Armeno.[33] Noteworthy are the Christmas markets at Piazza Navona in Rome,[34] in Verona, in Gubbio, in Alberobello, in Aosta, in Torino, in Asti, in Arezzo, in Florence, in Trieste, in Livigno, in Santa Maria Maggiore, Arco and in Cison di Valmarino.[35][36][37]

United Kingdom

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Main article: Winter wonderland

In 1982, Lincoln, England, established an annual Christmas market in early December. This remains one of the most extensive such market by area in the United Kingdom, with a claimed total of over 300 stalls attracting more than 100,000 visitors over its four days. Starting in 1997, Frankfurt Christmas Markets were established with support from Frankfurt in Birmingham, Edinburgh, Leeds, and Manchester.[38] Other large Christmas markets have been held in England in Bath (since 2000) and Liverpool (since 2006). The Christmas markets are such a success that they are becoming a major pull factor to increase trade and visitor numbers to towns and cities.

Birmingham's Christmas Market, primarily located on New Street between the Bullring shopping centre and the Council House, is the "largest outdoor Christmas market in the UK"[39] as well as the "largest authentic German Christmas market outside of Germany or Austria".[40] The market also offers live entertainment on the main stage. The market is held for approximately six weeks every year and usually closes around 23 December. Manchester's Christmas Markets have also been successful, with 300 stalls over eight city locations, with each location being themed to create a different atmosphere such as French, World, and German, with European-themed stalls on the Albert Square, Manchester proving to be the most popular.[41][42]

United States

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German immigrants carried Christmas market celebrations to the United States. It is celebrated in such cities as Chicago, Denver, Salt Lake City, Tulsa, and Grand Rapids.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

Other countries

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As noted, other countries have also established such markets. The Christmas market of Barcelona starts on 13 December, Saint Lucy's Day, and is called Fira de Santa Llúcia. It has been held in the square of Barcelona Cathedral since 1786.[50][51]

The GUM-fair was opened on the Red Square in Moscow, Russia in 2013. It's been running ever since from December to the end of October and is the biggest and most popular christmas market in Russia.[52][53]


A traditional Christmas market was held for the first time in Sibiu, Romania, in 2007.[54]

Queer Christmas markets

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This new, non-traditional type was inaugurated with the Munich "Pink Christmas Market"[55] in 2005. Subsequently the idea spread out through other German cities (such as Berlin[56], Hamburg[57] and Frankfurt[58]) and worldwide (e.g. the "Queer Holiday Market"[59] in Saint Paul, Minnesota and the "Fraser Valley Queer Christmas Market"[60] in Greater Vancouver).

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Known in German as Christkindlmarkt (literally: 'Christ Child Market', but the term Christkind usually refers to an angel-like 'spirit of Christmas' rather than literally the Christ Child), Christkindlesmarkt, Christkindlimarkt, and Weihnachtsmarkt (pronounced [ˈvaɪnaxtsˌmaʁkt] ⓘ).

References

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  1. ^ a b Larsen, Timothy (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Christmas. Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-19-883146-4. Similarly, Christmas markets (aka Christkindlsmarkt) are common during Advent, a Reformation era tradition that has spread from Germany to other countries.
  2. ^ a b "German Christmas markets: Seasonal shopping at its finest". The Independent. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  3. ^ "The Christkindlmarket 2022". Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  4. ^ "Christkindlmarket". Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  5. ^ a b c "Christmas Markets in Germany and Europe". The German Way & More. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  6. ^ "Geschichte des Wiener Christkindlmarkts - Weihnachts- und Adventmarkt". www.wien.gv.at (in German). Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  7. ^ "Christmas markets in Vienna". Austrian National Tourist Office. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  8. ^ Darmstadt, IDL Software GmbH. "Weihnachtsmarkt in Bautzen - Weihnachten 2016". Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  9. ^ "Frankfurt Christmas Markets in Great Britain | Frankfurt Tourism". Frankfurt Tourismus. 27 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  10. ^ Wahle, Stephan (2018). Die stillste Nacht. Das Fest der Geburt Jesu von den Anfängen bis heute (in German). Freiburg i.Br.: Herder. p. 141.
  11. ^ "Teil 10: Die ältesten Weihnachtsmärkte der Welt - WELT". DIE WELT (in German). 19 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  12. ^ Manfred Becker-Huberti: Feiern, Feste, Jahreszeiten. Lebendige Bräuche im ganzen Jahr. (in German), Herder Verlag, Freiburg/Basel/Vienna, 2001, ISBN 3-451-27702-6, p. 147.
  13. ^ "Wenzelsmarkt". Wenzelsmarkt (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  14. ^ "ÄLTESTER WEIHNACHTSMARKT | REKORD-INSTITUT für DEUTSCHLAND". rekord-institut.org (in German). 10 December 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  15. ^ Thuria, Agence. "Marché de Noël à Strasbourg". noel.strasbourg.eu. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Nuremberg Christmas Market - christkindlesmarkt.de". www.christkindlesmarkt.de (in German). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  17. ^ P. J. Fargès-Méricourt, Description de la ville de Strasbourg (in French), Levrault, Strasbourg, 1840, p. 58
  18. ^ a b "Christmas Markets in Vienna". Austria. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  19. ^ "Christmas Market on the Main Square in Krakow". Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  20. ^ a b "Visit Top Christmas Markets (Weihnachtsmarkt) in Vienna". European Traveler. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  21. ^ a b "Christmas markets". VIENNA – Now. Forever. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  22. ^ "Vienna Christmas Market Guide and Map 2018". Vienna Unwrapped. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  23. ^ Christmas markets
  24. ^ Noël à Strasbourg Archived 17 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 8 July 2007
  25. ^ Christmas City Nuremberg Stadt Nürnberg. Retrieved 8 July 2007
  26. ^ Stuttgart Christmas Market Archived 22 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Stuttgart Marketing. Retrieved 8 July 2007
  27. ^ "Weihnachtsmärkte: Köln ist Publikumsmagnet : Topnews". Topnews.de. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  28. ^ Innes said... (26 December 2011). "Top Berlin Christmas Markets". On London Time. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  29. ^ "Mercatini di Natale a Bologna e in Emilia-Romagna: dove sono e le regole per visitarli" (in Italian). 16 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  30. ^ "30 anni e non sentirli" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  31. ^ "Mercatini originali Alto Adige - Südtirol" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  32. ^ "Mercatini di Natale di Trento" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  33. ^ "San Gregorio Armeno, la via dei Presepi" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  34. ^ "Il Mercatino di Natale a piazza Navona" (in Italian). Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  35. ^ "I MERCATINI DI NATALE PIÙ BELLI IN ITALIA" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  36. ^ "Alla scoperta dei 10 mercatini di Natale più belli d'Italia" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  37. ^ "Mercatini di Natale 2023: la nostra wishlist" (in Italian). 10 November 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  38. ^ "Frankfurt Christmas Markets Great Britain Scotland England". Frankfurt-tourismus.de. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  39. ^ Bentley, David (20 September 2018). "These are the dates for Birmingham German Christmas Market 2018". birminghammail. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  40. ^ "Frankfurt Christmas Market Birmingham | 15 November 2018 to 23 December 2018". www.thebfcm.co.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  41. ^ Denise Evans (18 November 2012). "Manchester Christmas Markets 2012: A guide to the city's festive stalls - Manchester Evening News". Menmedia.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  42. ^ "Mapped: Manchester set for 'biggest and best ever' Christmas markets - Manchester Evening News". Menmedia.co.uk. 2 November 2012. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  43. ^ CHRISTKINDLMARKT BETHLEHEM ArtsQuest (2006). Retrieved 8 July 2007
  44. ^ Christkindlmarket Chicago Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine German American Chamber of Commerce of the Midwest, 17 November 2006. Retrieved 8 July 2007
  45. ^ Denver Christkindl Market Archived 4 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine German American Chamber of Commerce Colorado Chapter. (2006). Retrieved 8 July 2007
  46. ^ Donner. "Mifflinburg Christkindl Market". Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  47. ^ Christkindlmarkt 2007 Archived 17 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine German-American Society of Tulsa, 1 May 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2007
  48. ^ https://www.christkindlmarkt-slc.com/ [bare URL]
  49. ^ https://christkindlmarktgr.com/
  50. ^ Christmas Market
  51. ^ History
  52. ^ "Новогодняя ГУМ-Ярмарка на Красной площади". BURO. (in Russian). 2 December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  53. ^ "ГУМ-ярмарка на Красной площади в Москве 2024-2025: дата проведения, расписание, программа, участники". www.kp.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  54. ^ (http://www.graffino.com), Graffino. "Târgul de Crăciun din Sibiu". Retrieved 25 December 2016.
  55. ^ "Pink Christmas originated from an idea in the gay scene. The pink pleasure combines the needs of this specific audience with the traditional values of a Christmas market." (Official website „Pink Christmas, FAQ, English“)
  56. ^ "Christmas Avenue" on visitberlin.de
  57. ^ "Winter Pride Christmas Market" on hamburg.com
  58. ^ "Rosa Weihnacht" on visitfrankfurt.travel
  59. ^ TCpride site
  60. ^ Facebook site

Further reading

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