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Emperor Kaika

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Emperor Kaika
開化天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign158 BC – 98 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorKōgen
SuccessorSujin
Born208 BC[2]
Died98 BC (aged 110)
Burial
Kasuga no Izakawa no saka no e no misasagi (春日率川坂上陵) (Nara)
SpouseIkagashikome-no-Mikoto
Issue
among others...		Emperor Sujin
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Kaika (開化天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Wakayamato-nekohiko-ōbibi no Sumeramikoto (稚日本根子彦大日日天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōgen
MotherUtsushikome [ja]
ReligionShinto

Emperor Kaika[a] (開化天皇, Kaika-tennō), also known as Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi no Mikoto (若倭根子日子大毘毘命) in the Kojiki, and Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi no Sumeramikoto (稚日本根子彦大日日天皇) in the Nihon Shoki was the ninth legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[4][5] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kaika is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kaika's reign allegedly began in 158 BC. He had one wife and three consorts whom he fathered five children with. After his death in 98 BC, one of his sons supposedly became Emperor Sujin.[3][6]

Legendary narrative

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In the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, only Kaika's name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial misasagi or tomb for Kaika is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kaika was born sometime in 208 BC, and is recorded as being the second son of Emperor Kōgen.[2] His empress mother was named Utsushikome, who was the daughter of Oyakuchisukune.[citation needed] Before he was enthroned sometime in 158 BC, his pre-ascension name was Prince Nikohiko Ō-hibi no Mikoto.[6] The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace of Sakaihara-no-miya (軽之堺原宮, and in the Nihon Shoki as 軽境原宮) at Karu in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[5] Emperor Kaika had a chief wife (empress) named Ikagashikome, along with three consorts of which he fathered five children with. Kaika ruled until his death in 98 BC; his second son was then enthroned as the next emperor.[6] His son/heir to the throne was posthumously named Sujin by later generations, and is the first emperor that historians say might have actually existed.[7]

Known information

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Official tomb of Emperor Kaika in Nara.

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[8] Kaika is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the eighth of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[b] The name Kaika-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations. [10] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kaika, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[9] While the actual site of Kaika's grave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Nara. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Kaika's mausoleum, and its formal name is Kasuga no Izakawa no saka no e no misasagi.[3][4]

Like Emperor Kōshō and Emperor Kōrei, there is a possibility that "Kaika" could have lived instead in the 1st century (AD). Historian Louis Frédéric notes this idea in his book Japan Encyclopedia where he says "more likely early AD", but this remains disputed among other researchers.[6][11] The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[7] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[c] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[14] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[9]

Consorts and children

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  • Empress: Ikagashikome (伊香色謎命), Oohesoki's daughter
    • Prince Mimakiirihikoinie (御間城入彦五十瓊殖尊), later Emperor Sujin
    • Princess Mimatsuhime (御真津比売命)
  • Consort: Taniwanotakano-hime (丹波竹野媛), Taniwa no Ooagatanushi Yugori's daughter
    • Prince Hikoyumusu (彦湯産隅命)
  • Consort: Hahatsu-hime (姥津媛), Prince Waninishisaihito's daughter
  • Consort: Washi-hime (鸇比売), Katsuragi no Tarumi no Sukune's daughter
    • Prince Taketoyohazurawake (建豊波豆羅和気王)

Family tree

[edit]
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[15] Ōkuninushi[16][17]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[18]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[19]
Kotoshironushi[20][21] Tamakushi-hime[19] Takeminakata[22][23] Susa Clan[24]
1 Jimmu[25]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[25]Kamo no Okimi[20][26]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[27][28][29][30][31][32] 2Isuzuyori-hime[30][31][32][26][33]Kamuyaimimi[27][28][29]
3 Annei[34][20][30][31][32]〔Ō clan[35][36]〕〔Aso clan[37]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[38][20]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[34][20]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][34]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][34]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[34][20][39]5Yosotarashi-hime[20]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[20]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][39]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][20][39]〔Wani clan〕[40]
7 Emperor Kōrei[41][20][39][42] 7Kuwashi-hime[42]
8 Emperor Kōgen[43][42]8Utsushikome [ja][43]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[41]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[44]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[e] [46][47]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][47]9 Emperor Kaika[43]Prince Ohiko [ja][48]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][47]10 Emperor Sujin[49][50]10Mimaki-hime[51]〔Abe clan〕[48]
Takenouchi no Sukune[47]11 Emperor Suinin[52][53]11Saho-hime[54]12Hibasu-hime [ja][55]Yasaka Iribiko[56][57][58]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][59]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][41]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[60]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[53][55]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][56][57][58]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][61]Yamato Takeru[62][63]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[62][63]
14Emperor Chūai[62][63] [64]15Empress Jingū[65] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[65]16Nakatsuhime[66][67][68]
16Emperor Nintoku[69]


See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The name Kaikwa has also been used.[3]
  2. ^ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai)[9]
  3. ^ The 29th Emperor[12][13]
  4. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  5. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[45]

References

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  2. ^ a b Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 30 & 418.
  4. ^ a b "開化天皇 (9)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 252. ISBN 9780520034600.
  6. ^ a b c d Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 451. ISBN 9780674017535.
  7. ^ a b Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". The Japan Times Online. Japan Times. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
  8. ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
  9. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109, 148–149. ISBN 9780524053478.
  10. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  11. ^ Miller, R. A. (2003). "Journal of Asian History". Journal of Asian History. 37 (2): 212–214. JSTOR 41933346. Review of Japan Encyclopedia
  12. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
  13. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
  14. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  15. ^ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  16. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005). "Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  17. ^ Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  18. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005). "Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  19. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89. ISBN 9780231049405.
  21. ^ Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005). "Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  22. ^ Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), in Keizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898). Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  23. ^ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  24. ^ Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  25. ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  26. ^ a b 『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  27. ^ a b 日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版. "日子八井命とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  28. ^ a b ANDASSOVA, Maral (2019). "Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki". Japan Review (32): 5–16. ISSN 0915-0986. JSTOR 26652947.
  29. ^ a b "Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan". trips.klarna.com. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
  30. ^ a b c Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780674017535.
  31. ^ a b c Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  32. ^ a b c Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780520034600.
  33. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  34. ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  35. ^ Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28). The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  36. ^ Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  37. ^ Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006). History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  38. ^ Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  39. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  40. ^ Watase, Masatada [in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro". Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten 日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421.
  41. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
  42. ^ a b c "Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  43. ^ a b c Anston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  44. ^ Louis-Frédéric, "Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  45. ^ Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988). Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  46. ^ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150. ISBN 9780524053478.
  47. ^ a b c d Shimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006). "Takeshiuchi no Sukune". eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  48. ^ a b Asakawa, Kan'ichi (1903). The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140. ISBN 9780722225394.
  49. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253. ISBN 9780520034600.
  50. ^ Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
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  52. ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254. ISBN 9780520034600.
  53. ^ a b Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  54. ^ "Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  55. ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  56. ^ a b "Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
  57. ^ a b Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  58. ^ a b Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34. Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  59. ^ "Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム". web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
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  61. ^ Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344. ISBN 9780824830359.
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  63. ^ a b c Xinzhong, Yao (2003). Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467. ISBN 9780415306539.
  64. ^ Aston, William George. (1998). Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  65. ^ a b Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  66. ^ 文也 (2019-05-26). "仲姫命とはどんな人？". 歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
  67. ^ "日本人名大辞典+Plus - 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版 - 仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
  68. ^ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史". . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  69. ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

Further reading

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
158 BC – 98 BC 		Succeeded by
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