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American History X
Theatrical release poster
Directed byTony Kaye
Written byDavid McKenna
Produced byJohn Morrissey
Starring
CinematographyTony Kaye
Edited by
Music byAnne Dudley
Production
companies
Distributed byNew Line Cinema
Release date
  • October 30, 1998 (1998-10-30)
Running time
119 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$20 million[1]
Box office$23.9 million[1]

American History X is a 1998 American crime drama film directed by Tony Kaye (in his feature directorial debut) and written by David McKenna. The film stars Edward Norton and Edward Furlong as two brothers from Los Angeles who are involved in the white power skinhead and neo-Nazi movements. The older brother (Norton) serves three years in prison for voluntary manslaughter, is rehabilitated during this time, and then tries to prevent his brother (Furlong) from being indoctrinated further. The supporting cast includes Fairuza Balk, Stacy Keach, Elliott Gould, Avery Brooks, Ethan Suplee and Beverly D'Angelo.

McKenna wrote the script based on his own childhood and experiences of growing up in San Diego. He sold the script to New Line Cinema, which was impressed by the writing. American History X was Kaye's first directorial role in a feature film. Budgeted at $20 million, filming took place in 1997. Before the film's release, Kaye and the film studio were in disagreements about the final cut of the film, which Norton had played a pivotal role in conceiving. The final version was longer than Kaye intended, which resulted in him publicly disowning the film, thus negatively affecting his directing career.

Distributed by New Line Cinema, the film was released in the United States on October 30, 1998 in limited theaters and received a wide theatrical release on November 20, 1998, grossing $23.9 million against a $20 million budget. American History X was critically praised, with Norton and Furlong's performances and the film's message drawing acclaim. Norton received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. The film has also been used for educational purposes in the United States and in other countries. A follow-up, African History Y, with Kaye returning as director and starring Djimon Hounsou, was in active development as of 2020.[2]

Plot

[edit]

Danny Vinyard antagonizes his Jewish history teacher Murray by writing an essay on Mein Kampf. As a result, African-American principal and outreach worker Dr. Bob Sweeney forces him to study history directly under him through current events, "American History X," or be expelled. Danny must write a paper on his older brother Derek, Sweeney's former student and neo-Nazi leader, whose prison release is that day.

Years earlier, Danny and Derek's firefighter father was shot and killed by a black drug dealer while extinguishing a fire at their home. Immediately afterwards, Derek erupts in a televised, racially motivated tirade. High-profile neo-Nazi Cameron Alexander becomes his mentor and they form a violent white supremacist gang called the Disciples of Christ (D.O.C.) in Venice Beach.

A skilled basketball player, Derek defeats several Crips members, winning control of the local ball courts. Later, he organizes an attack on an Asian-owned supermarket employing black people and illegal immigrants.

Derek's mother Doris invites Murray, her then boyfriend, to dinner where an argument about Rodney King and the 1992 Los Angeles riots ensues. Derek assaults his sister Davina and openly berates Murray, causing Doris to banish Derek.

That night, several Crips members, whom Derek had defeated on the basketball court, attempt to steal his truck. When Danny alerts him, he kills two of them, one with a bullet and the other, by curb stomping him in front of Danny. He is arrested and sentenced to three years in the California Institution for Men for voluntary manslaughter.

In prison, Derek joins the Aryan Brotherhood and befriends black inmate Lamont, who was assigned as his workmate in the prison laundry. Disillusioned by prison gang politics, Derek learns the Aryan Brotherhood is buying drugs from the Mexican Mafia and then selling to other White inmates. Derek realizes they are a criminal gang using Neo-Nazism and white supremacy as a façade and he loses his belief even further when nobody from the D.O.C. visits him. He ultimately abandons the Aryan Brotherhood, who then beat and gang rape him in the communal shower.

Derek is visited in the hospital wing by Sweeney, with whom he pleads for help to get out of prison. Sweeney rebukes him for wanting to avoid dealing with the consequences of his actions, revealing his own racist past and warning that Danny has joined the D.O.C. to follow in Derek's footsteps. After recovering and leaving the hospital wing, Derek publicly snubs the Aryan Brotherhood and Lamont warns that he will be murdered by African-American inmates as the Brotherhood no longer protects him. No attack ever comes, though, and, upon his release, Derek thanks Lamont for intervening on his behalf.

Returning home, Derek finds Danny sporting a D.O.C. tattoo and becoming a skinhead. When Derek tries to persuade him to leave the gang, Danny feels betrayed. Derek's best friend Seth, also a D.O.C. member, frequently disrespects Derek's mother and sister while grooming Danny for the group; Cameron controls Seth and Danny closely.

At a D.O.C. compound party, Derek confronts Cameron for using, then abandoning him for three years. He declares his departure from the group and refusal to allow them to use Danny similarly. When mocked, Derek brutally beats Cameron. Seth and the others, including Derek's ex-girlfriend Stacey, attack Derek. Seth pulls a gun, but Derek easily disarms him and holds everyone at gunpoint before fleeing, tossing the gun into a nearby bin.

Danny finds Derek and angrily confronts him over his actions. So, Derek tells him about his experience in prison, which seems to prompt a change in him. They return home and remove racist posters from their shared bedroom. The next morning, Danny completes his paper, reflecting on why he adopted neo-Nazi values from Derek, who most likely adopted them from their father, as shown in a flashback.

Derek walks Danny to school, stopping at a diner. Sweeney and a police officer inform him that Seth and Cameron were attacked the night before and are in an intensive care unit. He denies knowing anything but reluctantly agrees to inspect the people he denounced.

Danny is shot dead in a bathroom by a Black student he had confronted the day before. Derek runs to the school, pushing past crowds, police, and tape to find Danny's bloodied corpse. He cradles Danny's body in hysterics, blaming himself for influencing his views and actions. In a voiceover, Danny reads the final lines of his paper for Dr. Sweeney, quoting the final stanza of Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]
Michael De Luca, former president of productions at New Line Cinema
Michael De Luca, former production president at New Line Cinema

Screenwriter David McKenna wrote the screenplay for American History X and sold the rights to New Line Cinema when he was 26.[3] The inspiration for the story came from the punk-rock scene of McKenna's childhood, where he often witnessed violent behavior. "I saw a lot of bigotry growing up, and it made me think about writing something about the world of hate-mongers. The point I tried to make in the script is that a person is not born a racist. It is learned through [the] environment and the people that surround you. The question that intrigued me is: why do people hate and how does one go about changing that? My premise was that hate starts in the family".[4] In order to make the characters as realistic as possible, McKenna interviewed and observed the behavior of skinheads during the writing process. He said "I had seen documentaries that just didn't ring true to me, and I wanted to write an accurate portrayal of how good kids from good families can get so terribly lost".[4]

Producer John Morrissey, who read the script three years prior, was impressed by the script's intense characters and dialogue. Michael De Luca, then-production president of New Line Cinema, said "I was intrigued by its intensity, conviction and brutal honesty. There was a brilliant character study woven into the screenplay, and I knew we had something special if we did it correctly".[4] In 1996, the producers first approached Dennis Hopper to direct the film.[5] Hopper turned down the offer, Larry Clark was approached to direct the film, but turned it down due to a scheduling conflict,[6] Tony Kaye was then approached to direct. Kaye, who had been De Luca's preferred choice from the beginning, accepted and made his directorial debut in a feature film on American History X. He took the contract to a synagogue, "I signed it in front of the rabbi. I thought it would make it good", Kaye said.[7] After the film was released, De Luca stated "It's everything I had hoped for. The performances are explosive and frightening, and the film dramatically demonstrates both the subtle and overt roots of racism while also showing the possibility for redemption".[4]

Casting

[edit]

Joaquin Phoenix was offered the role of Derek Vinyard, but he was not interested.[8] After holding casting calls, Kaye was unable to find a suitable actor for the lead role, but casting director Valerie McCaffrey suggested Edward Norton.[9] Kaye initially objected, feeling that Norton lacked the "weight or presence", but he eventually conceded.[10][11] According to executive producer Steve Tisch, Norton's passion for the project was "contagious", and he even agreed to a pay cut of more than $500,000 from his usual $1 million fee, to be cast in the lead.[5][12] McCaffrey also cast Edward Furlong for the role of Danny Vinyard.[9] To prepare for the role, Norton increased his calorie intake and spent hours in the gym to gain 25 pounds (11 kg) of muscle.[13][14]

Filming

[edit]

I was attracted to the complexity of the role. This character travels so far within the course of the film. By the end, he's completely humanized and the audience might even be sympathetic, or at least, empathetic towards him. Derek is very much a guy whose anger and rage have superseded his intelligence. They have paralyzed his boundless potential. I liked the transformation that he goes through as his intelligence reasserts itself over his anger.

—Norton on his character[4]

Principal photography took place in Los Angeles and Venice Beach, lasting for several months and finishing in May 1997.[5][15] Kaye served as cinematographer and camera operator, and would often silently walk around the set, scouting for camera angles or visuals.[5] During filming, Kaye established a casual environment for the cast and crew. He welcomed visitors on set, including singer Courtney Love, Norton's girlfriend at the time, and British historian John Richardson.[5] Kaye would arrive for work in a Lincoln Town Car with a chauffeur, and a license plate that read "JEWISH". He carried four cell phones and a fax machine, and during the Passover holidays, Kaye had boxes of matzo delivered to the set.[5] He also discovered at the time a newsletter published by a British political group, the National Front, which said he was a prominent Jew who supposedly controlled Britain's media.[5]

Both Furlong and Ethan Suplee found taking on their roles that had hateful views to be uncomfortable. Furlong said "It's pretty intense, having to say this incredibly hateful stuff".[5] The actors had "white power" tattoos painted on their arms, which Suplee forgot to remove one day after filming, and was confronted by a man in a convenience store.[5] Norton recalls "Doing that film created the strangest distortion of perception on me ... the degree to which that film and the magic of camera and art and black and white photography ... made a lot of people think that I was a larger and tougher person than I am".[14] The flashback scenes were edited to be in black-and-white, whereas the present-day scenes were edited to be in color.

Music

[edit]

Kaye hired British composer Anne Dudley to score the film, and wanted the music to be "big and elegiac".[16] She employed a full orchestra and a boys' choir, and decided against using hip-hop sounds. She said, "The neo-Nazi faction is personified in the music by a boys choir – what could be a more Aryan sound? ... A calming string orchestra instead provides a much more expressive and timeless palette".[17]

No.TitleLength
1."American History X"4:46
2."The Assignment"2:36
3."Venice Beach"1:28
4."Playing to Win"3:49
5."People Look at Me and See My Brother"1:41
6."If I Had Testified"4:05
7."A Stranger at My Table"3:31
8."Putting Up a Flag"2:06
9."Raiders"3:02
10."Complications"1:38
11."Starting to Remind Me of You"1:43
12."The Right Questions"3:24
13."The Path to Redemption"2:56
14.""We Are Not Enemies""2:05
15."Two Brothers"2:31
16."Storm Clouds Gathering"2:04
17."Benedictus"3:35
Total length:47:00

Release

[edit]

Kaye's original cut of the finished film had a run time of 95 minutes, which was delivered on time and within budget.[7][18] Although it generated a positive response from test screenings, New Line Cinema insisted on further edits to the film.[5] Kaye was mortified, saying "I'm fully aware that I'm a first-time director, but I need the same autonomy and respect that Stanley Kubrick gets".[7] Soon afterwards, Norton was involved with editing alongside Kaye, which was a difficult experience for the pair. At one point, Kaye punched a wall which resulted in stitches to his hand.[5][18]

In June 1998, the film studio test-screened a second cut of the film which included changes made by Norton. The studio tried to persuade Kaye to release Norton's cut, but he objected.[5] Although the differences between the two cuts are disputed, Kaye objected to an additional 18 minutes of footage, and they disagreed with the length of certain scenes such as a family argument, Norton's anti-immigration speech, and a flashback where Norton's father is criticizing a teacher.[5][7] Subsequently, the studio compromised and gave Kaye an extra eight weeks to edit and submit a new cut of the film.[7]

During this period, Kaye took a number of combative actions. He spent $100,000 on cryptic advertisements in the Hollywood press that quoted John Lennon and Abraham Lincoln, and condemned the behavior of Norton and the studio.[18] At one point, Kaye brought a priest, a rabbi and a Buddhist monk to a meeting with producers while videotaping the entire encounter. When the company offered him an additional eight weeks to re-cut the film, Kaye said he had a "radical" new vision in mind, which he did not know when he would finish. He collaborated with Nobel Prize-winning poet Derek Walcott on new narration for the film.[19]

American History X was due to premiere at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival, but Kaye requested that organizer Piers Handling withdraw the film.[11] On July 28, 1998, after the eight week deadline, Kaye had nothing new to show and the studio announced that it would release Norton's cut. Kaye attempted to remove his name from the film credits, applying for various pseudonyms, including "Humpty Dumpty", a request that the Directors Guild of America (DGA) refused. Kaye subsequently filed a $200 million lawsuit against DGA and New Line Cinema, although the case was dismissed in 2000.[7][11][20] Kaye disowned the film, describing the released version, which was 24 minutes longer than his own cut, as a "total abuse of creativity" and "crammed with shots of everyone crying in each other's arms".[5][21] Kaye's behavior caused Hollywood to view him as unemployable, and he did not watch the film until June 2007.[7] He later admitted that "My ego got in the way. That was entirely my fault. [...] Whenever I can, I take the opportunity to apologize".[22] He did not direct another film until 2006's Lake of Fire.[23]

Home media

[edit]

The film was released by New Line Home Video on DVD on April 6, 1999, on laserdisc on April 13, and on VHS on August 24 of the same year.[24][25] The film was later released on Blu-ray on April 7, 2009, including seven minutes of deleted scenes and a theatrical trailer.[26]

Reception

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Box office

[edit]

American History X premiered in Los Angeles on October 28, 1998, and on the same week in New York. It received a wider release in the United States on October 30.[27] The film grossed $156,076 in 17 theaters during its opening weekend. The film went on to gross $6,719,864 from 513 theaters in the United States, for a worldwide total of $23,875,127.[28]

Critical response

[edit]
Norton earned critical praise for his performance (pictured in 2009).
Edward Norton (pictured in 1997) received widespread critical acclaim for his performance, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.

On Rotten Tomatoes, American History X has an approval rating of 84% based on 89 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "American History X doesn't contend with its subject matter as fully as it could, but Edward Norton's performance gives this hard-hitting drama crucial weight."[29] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted score of 62 out of 100 based on 32 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[30] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A to F.[31]

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune, gave American History X four out of four stars, describing it as "a shockingly powerful screed against racism that also manages to be so well performed and directed that it is entertaining as well", adding it was "also effective at demonstrating how hate is taught from one generation to another". He said Norton was an "immediate front-runner" for an Academy Award.[32] Todd McCarthy, writing for Variety, gave the film a positive review stating "This jolting, superbly acted film will draw serious-minded upscale viewers interested in cutting-edge fare". He particularly praised Norton's performance, saying "His Derek mesmerizes even as he repels, and the actor fully exposes the human being behind the tough poses and attitudinizing".[20] Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote "Though its story elements are all too easily reduced to a simple outline, American History X has enough fiery acting and provocative bombast to make its impact felt. For one thing, its willingness to take on ugly political realities gives it a substantial raison d'être. For another, it has been directed with a mixture of handsome photo-realism and visceral punch".[33]

Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, but was critical of the underdeveloped areas, stating "the movie never convincingly charts Derek's path to race hatred".[34] Ebert concluded "This is a good and powerful film. If I am dissatisfied, it is because it contains the promise of being more than it is".[34] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called the film "riveting", and praised the narrative structure despite "thinness of the script".[35]

Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle expressed disappointment with the picture. LaSalle felt that while it succeeded in portraying Derek's descent into neo-Nazism, it failed to portray his renouncement of his past beliefs, "We had to watch him think his way in. We should see him think his way out". LaSalle also noted that "In some places the dialogue is surprisingly stilted. Far worse, the ending is a misfire". However, he complimented Norton's performance.[36] Stephen Hunter, writing for The Washington Post, was highly critical of the film and gave it a negative review, calling it "an old melodramatic formula hidden under pretentious TV-commercial-slick photography".[37] Michael O'Sullivan wrote "There are moments when Anne Dudley's string-laden score overpowers the stark simplicity of the film's message and other times when the moral of brotherly love is hammered a bit heavily", but conceded "the blunt and brutal American History X is ultimately only as imperfect as we ourselves are".[38]

Accolades

[edit]

Edward Norton was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Derek Vinyard, but lost to Roberto Benigni for Life Is Beautiful. Norton's loss was included on Empire's list of "22 Incredibly Shocking Oscars Injustices".[39]

Award Category Recipient(s) Result
Academy Awards[40] Best Actor Edward Norton Nominated
Awards Circuit Community Awards Best Motion Picture John Morrissey Nominated
Best Actor in a Leading Role Edward Norton Won
Best Actor in a Supporting Role Edward Furlong Nominated
Best Original Screenplay David McKenna Nominated
Best Film Editing Gerald B. Greenberg and Alan Heim Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[41] Best Actor Edward Norton Nominated
Chlotrudis Awards Best Actor Nominated
Golden Reel Awards[42] Best Sound Editing – Music (Foreign & Domestic) Richard Ford Nominated
Online Film Critics Society Awards[43] Best Actor Edward Norton Nominated
Political Film Society Awards[44] Peace Nominated
Satellite Awards[45] Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Edward Norton Won
Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture – Drama Beverly D'Angelo Nominated
Best Original Screenplay David McKenna Nominated
Saturn Awards[46] Best Actor Edward Norton Nominated
Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards[47] Best Actor Won
Taormina International Film Festival[48] Best Actor Won
Turkish Film Critics Association Awards Best Foreign Film 14th Place
Young Artist Awards[49] Best Performance in a Feature Film: Supporting Young Actor Edward Furlong Nominated

Legacy

[edit]

In 1999, Amnesty International USA used American History X for an educational campaign, screening the film in colleges and in nationwide events for raising awareness on human rights.[4][50] Zara Toussaint, of Amnesty International in France, organized screenings in her country followed by debates. "The reactions [to the film] were varied. Some people thought that this was only an extreme case, that this kind of group was very marginal and that there could be no equivalent in France", she said.[51] In response to the French screening, Sébastien Homer of L'Humanité wrote, "Police violence, the Rodney King affair, unsanitary prisons, ill-treatment, rejection of asylum seekers, the United States has still not assimilated what human rights, freedom, equality meant".[51] In September 1999, Empire magazine ranked the film 311th in a list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[52] In 2008, Norton's performance was ranked by Total Film as the 72nd greatest film performance of all time.[53] Although director Kaye did not watch the film until 2007, he has acknowledged that it has become "quite a little classic in its own befuddled way".[7] In 2012, he said that he was "very proud of what we all achieved".[54]

For its 20th anniversary, Christopher Hooton writing for The Independent opined that the film "feels more essential now that it ever has".[18] Clayton Schuster of Vice drew comparisons between the film and both the racial rhetoric of Donald Trump and real life atrocities; the murders of nine African-Americans in a Charleston church in 2015, a far-right march in Charlottesville, Virginia in 2017, and a year later, a mass shooting in a Pittsburgh synagogue. He argues that these violent acts are no different to the hate represented in the movie, adding, "White supremacy has existed for centuries. It's lurked on the fringes of American power since the birth of this nation". He added "there is at least one notable difference ... The movie portrays skinheads as visually different ... They're suited up in boots with red laces, heads gleaming from a fresh shave, and tatted with Nazi insignia and racist slogans. White supremacists today have largely adopted a policy of fitting into society rather than standing out".[55] Writing for Esquire magazine in 2018, Justin Kirkland stated that he believed that "Perhaps the reason that American History X still feels so relevant two decades after its release is because we haven't done enough for it not to be ... I'm afraid we're going to be writing about American History X forever. I'm afraid of what will happen if we don't".[56]

See also

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References

[edit]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "American History X (1998)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  2. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2020-09-24). "Djimon Hounsou Joins Tony Kaye's African History Y". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  3. ^ Writers on Writing Series 2007: A Conversation with David McKenna, [2007], First Light Video Publishing.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "American History X - Movie Production Notes - CinemaReview.com". www.cinemareview.com. Archived from the original on 2003-05-20. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Goldstein, Patrick (1998-09-13). "Courting Trouble". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  6. ^ "Remembering "American History X". Interview with Screenwriter David McKenna". forenseek.app. March 9, 2021. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Higginbotham, Adam (2007-06-09). "I did abominable things". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  8. ^ "Great roles actors have turned down". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  9. ^ a b "Valerie McCaffrey- Executive Achievement Award 2017". LA Femme International Film Festival. 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  10. ^ Pooley, Jack (2018-08-31). "6 Directors Who Were Lumbered With Actors They Didn't Even Want". WhatCulture.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-07. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  11. ^ a b c "Film: Losing it - Tony Kaye falls out with Hollywood". TheGuardian.com. October 25, 2002. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  12. ^ "American History X - Movie Production Notes - CinemaReview.com". www.cinemareview.com. Archived from the original on 2003-05-20. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  13. ^ "15 Surprising Facts About American History X". IFC. Archived from the original on 2020-01-30. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  14. ^ a b "Edward Norton on The Tim Ferriss Show — Transcript". The Blog of Author Tim Ferriss. 2016-05-02. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  15. ^ "American History X Filming Locations". Movie Locations Guide. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  16. ^ "American History X - Anne Dudley | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  17. ^ "Anne Dudley - composer for film & tv - American History X". www.annedudley.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  18. ^ a b c d "20 years on, American History X has a greater urgency than ever". The Independent. 2018-10-30. Archived from the original on 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  19. ^ Waxman, Sharon (1998-10-12). "AN UNHAPPY BEGINNING". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  20. ^ a b McCarthy, Todd (October 22, 1998). "American History X". Variety. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020. It is possible that some otherwise well-disposed critics may restrain their praise, even unwittingly, in knee-jerk sympathy with director Kaye, who disowns this cut and lost his bid to take his name off the picture.
  21. ^ Lambie, Ryan (2016-09-05). "American History X and Tony Kaye, Hollywood Maverick". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on 2020-05-27. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  22. ^ Elder, Robert K. (26 October 2007). "Director Kaye recovers from 'X' debacle with 'Lake of Fire'". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  23. ^ Hoff, Al (2007-11-29). "Lake of Fire". Pittsburgh City Paper. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  24. ^ "American History X DVD Release Date April 6, 1999". DVDs Release Dates. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  25. ^ American History X [VHS]. ISBN 0780625129.
  26. ^ "American History X Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  27. ^ "American History X (1998)". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  28. ^ "American History X". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2019-09-10. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  29. ^ "American History X". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  30. ^ "American History X Reviews". Metacritic. CBS. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  31. ^ "AMERICAN HISTORY X (1998) A". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on 2018-12-20.
  32. ^ Siskel, Gene (October 30, 1998). "A Shocking Film About Racial Hate". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  33. ^ Maslin, Janet (October 28, 1998). "'American History X': The Darkest Chambers of a Nation's Soul". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  34. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (October 30, 1998). "American History X". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on August 29, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  35. ^ "American History X". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 2017-12-08. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  36. ^ LaSalle, Mick (October 30, 1998). "Neo-Nazi With a Conscience / Norton shines, but 'History' disappoints". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  37. ^ Hunter, Stephen (October 30, 1998). "'American History X'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  38. ^ O'Sullivan, Michael (1998-10-30). "'History X': Makes the Grade". www.washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-07. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  39. ^ De Semlyen, Phil (February 27, 2014). "22 Incredibly Shocking Oscars Injustices". Empire. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  40. ^ "The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners". Oscars.org. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  41. ^ "1988-2013 Award Winner Archives". Chicago Film Critics Association. January 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  42. ^ J. Olson, Eric (February 22, 1999). "Sound editors shout Golden Reel noms". Variety. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  43. ^ "1998 Awards (2nd Annual)". Online Film Critics Society. 3 January 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  44. ^ "Political Film Society award list". Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  45. ^ "International Press Academy website – 1999 3rd Annual SATELLITE Awards". Archived from the original on 1 February 2008.
  46. ^ J. Olson, Eric (March 8, 1999). "Out of this world". Variety. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  47. ^ "1998 SEFA Awards". sefca.net. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  48. ^ Rooney, David (August 3, 1999). "U.S. pix help revive Italy's Taormina fest". Variety. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
  49. ^ "The 20th Annual Youth in Film Awards". Young Artist Awards. Archived from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  50. ^ "Film: 'American History X'". krant.telegraaf.nl. Archived from the original on 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  51. ^ a b Homer, Sébastien (2000-12-02). "Racisme et cinéma La plus grande des démocraties ?". L'Humanité (in French). Archived from the original on 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  52. ^ "Empire's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire Magazine. March 24, 2012. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  53. ^ Total Film (December 11, 2008). "150 Greatest Movie Performances of All Time". Total Film. Archived from the original on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  54. ^ Topel, Fred (2012-03-22). "Humpty Dumpty: An Interview with Tony Kaye". Mandatory. Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  55. ^ Schuster, Clayton (2018-10-31). "'American History X' Premiered 20 Years Ago, But It's More Relevant Than Ever". Vice. Archived from the original on 2020-04-29. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  56. ^ Kirkl, Justin (2018-10-30). "'American History X' Remains Tragically Relevant 20 Years Later". Esquire. Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2020-04-09.

Further reading

  • Frauley, Jon (2010). "Subculture and American History X". Criminology, Deviance, and the Silver Screen: The Fictional Reality and the Criminological Imagination. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61516-8.
  • Roth, Luanne (Fall 2005). "Beyond Communitas: Cinematic food events and the negotiation of power, belonging, and exclusion". Western Folklore. 64 (3/4). OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson): Western States Folklore Society: 163. ISSN 0043-373X. OCLC 5910334. The father's (William Russ) face turns sour and he sarcastically responds about "affirmative blacktion," "Now you gotta trade in great books for black books?"
  • Prorokova, Tatiana (18 November 2015). "Film review : Racism in American History X.". Peace Review. 27 (4). Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis Group: 538. doi:10.1080/10402659.2015.1094355. ISSN 1469-9982. OCLC 709961507. S2CID 146296320.
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