Michael V Kalaphates
| Michael V Kalaphates | |
|---|---|
| Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans | |
 Michael V, 11th century depiction from the Madrid Skylitzes | |
| Byzantine emperor | |
| Reign | 13 December 1041 – 21 April 1042 |
| Predecessor | Michael IV |
| Successor | Zoe and Theodora |
| Born | roughly 1015 |
| Died | Monastery of Stoudios, Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) |
| Dynasty | Macedonian (by adoption) |
| Father |
|
| Mother |
|
Michael V Kalaphates (Ancient Greek: Μιχαήλ Καλαφάτης, Michaḗl Kalaphátēs) was Byzantine emperor for four months in 1041–1042. He was the nephew and successor of Michael IV and the adoptive son of Michael IV's wife Empress Zoe. He was popularly called "the Caulker" (Kalaphates) in accordance with his father's original occupation.[1]
Michael showed no gratitude either to Empress Zoe, who had adopted him, or to his uncle John, to whose suggestion he owed the throne. A reformer, despised because of his modest origins, Michael V abolished the privileges of the court aristocracy and wanted to carry out a profound reform of the administration. After feigning the greatest respect for his two benefactors, he had them exiled on the advice of his uncle Constantine. But if the exile of John the Orphanotrophe, hated for the tax burden imposed on the people, did not provoke any reaction, it even caused him admiration among the aristocracy and great popularity among the people, instead, the exile of Empress Zoe, the last survivor with her sister Theodora of the Macedonian dynasty with strong legitimacy, provoked a deadly revolution. Michael and his uncle Constantine had to flee Constantinople to seek refuge in the monastery of the Studion, where, caught by the crowd, they had their eyes gouged out and were imprisoned in two different monasteries on April 21, 1042. His fall, recounted in detail by the chroniclers of the time, illustrates the influence of the population of the capital in the Byzantine political game in the 11th century.
Family
[edit]Michael V was the son of a couple named Stephen and Maria. His birth date is not known, but is sometimes given as c. 1015,[2] probably because he was considered "young" in 1035.[3] Michael's mother was a sister of the Byzantine emperor Michael IV and Stephen had been a caulker before becoming an admiral under Michael IV and then botching an expedition to Sicily. Although the emperor preferred another of his nephews, the future Michael V was advanced as heir to the throne by his other uncle John the Orphanotrophos and the Empress Zoe.[4] In 1035, Michael IV granted him the title of kaisar (caesar), and, together with Zoe, adopted his nephew as a son.[5][6] Michael IV died on 10 December 1041 and Michael V was proclaimed emperor three days later by Zoe.[7]
Reign
[edit]Determined to rule on his own, Michael V came into conflict with his uncle John the Orphanotrophos, whom he almost immediately banished to a monastery.[8] Michael now reversed his uncle's decisions, recalling the nobles and courtiers who had been exiled during the previous reign, including the future patriarch Michael Keroularios and the general George Maniakes. Maniakes was promptly sent back to Southern Italy in order to contain the advance of the Normans.
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On the night of 18 April to 19 April 1042, Michael V banished his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoe, for plotting to poison him, to the island of Principo,[5] thus becoming sole emperor. His announcement of the event in the morning led to a popular revolt; the palace was surrounded by a mob demanding Zoe's immediate restoration.[9] The demand was met, and Zoe was brought back, though still in a nun's habit.[5] Presenting Zoe to the crowds in the Hippodrome did not quell the public's outrage over Michael's actions. The masses attacked the palace from multiple directions. The emperor's soldiers attempted to fight them off and by April 21, an estimated three thousand people from both sides had died. Once inside the palace, the mob pillaged valuables and tore up the tax rolls.[10] Also on 21 April 1042 Zoe's sister Theodora, who had been removed from her nunnery against her will earlier in the uprising, was declared Empress.[11][6] In response, Michael fled to seek safety in the monastery of the Stoudion together with his remaining uncle, Constantine.[11] Although he had taken monastic vows, Michael was arrested, blinded[5][12] and sent to a monastery by then-Chief of the Varangian Guard, Harald Hardrada.[13]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Cavallo, Guglielmo (1997). The Byzantines. University of Chicago Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-226-09792-3.
- ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 491.
- ^ PBW 2016.
- ^ Gregory 2010, p. 276.
- ^ a b c d Hussey 1966, p. 198.
- ^ a b Kazhdan 1991, p. 1366.
- ^ Skylitzes 2010, pp. 390–391.
- ^ Tougher 2008, p. 56.
- ^ Krallis 2006, p. 7.
- ^ Kaldellis, Anthony (June 7, 2017). Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade (Kindle ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0190253226.
- ^ a b Hussey 1966, p. 199.
- ^ Kaldellis, Anthony (June 7, 2017). Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade (Kindle ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0190253226.
- ^ Norwich, J. J. (1991). Byzantium: The Apogee. London: BCA. ISBN 9780670802524.
Sources
[edit]- Skylitzes, John (2010) [c. 1100]. Synopsis of Histories. Translated by Wortley, John. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139489157.
- Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973). Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110022858.
- Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Hussey, J.M., ed. (1966). The Cambridge Medieval History:The Byzantine Empire Part 1. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press.
- Tougher, Shaun (2008). The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society. Routledge.
- Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2630-6.
- Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Krallis, Dimitrios (2006). "Democratic Praxis and Republican Ideology in the Eleventh Century". Byzantine Studies Conference. Dumbarton Oaks.
- Jeffreys, C., ed. (2016). Michael 5. King's College London. ISBN 978-1-908951-20-5. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Michael (emperors)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 359–360.
Further reading
[edit]- Michael Psellus, Fourteen Byzantine Rulers, trans. E.R.A. Sewter (Penguin, 1966). ISBN 0-14-044169-7
- Michael Angold, The Byzantine empire 1025–1204 (Longman, 2nd edition, 1997). ISBN 0-582-29468-1
- Jonathan Harris, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (Hambledon/Continuum, 2007). ISBN 978-1-84725-179-4
- The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991) ISBN 0-19-504652-8