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List of first ladies of the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

First Lady of the
United States of America
Currently in role
Jill Biden
since January 20, 2021
StyleMadam First Lady
ResidenceWhite House
Inaugural holderMartha Washington
WebsiteFirst Ladies

The first lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the president of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents' wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the first lady. The first lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the first lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office,[1] although Eleanor Roosevelt earned money writing and giving lectures, but gave most of it to charity,[2] and Jill Biden has maintained her regular job as an educator during her time in the role.[3] The first lady has her own staff, including the White House social secretary, the chief of staff, the press secretary, the chief floral designer, and the executive chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.

There have been total of 54 first ladies including 43 official and 11 acting, within 46 first ladyships. This discrepancy exists because some presidents had multiple first ladies. Following Joe Biden's inauguration on January 20, 2021, his wife, Jill Biden, became the 43rd official first lady.

There are four living former first ladies: Hillary Clinton, married to Bill Clinton; Laura Bush, married to George W. Bush; Michelle Obama, married to Barack Obama; and Melania Trump, married to Donald Trump. The most recent first lady to die was Rosalynn Carter, married to Jimmy Carter. The first first lady was Martha Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official first ladies; both remarried during their presidential tenures. The wives of four presidents died before their husbands were sworn into office but are still considered first ladies by the White House and National First Ladies' Library: Martha Wayles Skelton, married to Thomas Jefferson;[4][5] Rachel Jackson, married to Andrew Jackson;[6][7] Hannah Van Buren, married to Martin Van Buren;[8][9] and Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, married to Chester A. Arthur.[10][11] One woman who was not married to a president is still considered an official first lady: Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan. The other non-spousal relatives who served as White House hostesses are not recognized by the First Ladies' Library.

In 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the first ladies on the obverse.[12] When a president served without a spouse, a gold coin was issued that bears an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era and a reverse image emblematic of themes of that president's life. This is true for the coins for Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and James Buchanan's first ladies, but not the coin for Chester A. Arthur's first lady, which instead depicts suffragette Alice Paul.[13]

Current living first ladies

[edit]

Living first ladies as of December 2024 (from oldest to youngest):

  • Laura Bush (2001–2009) Born (1946-11-04)November 4, 1946 (age 78 years, 27 days)
    Laura Bush
    (2001–2009)
    Born (1946-11-04)November 4, 1946
    (age 78 years, 27 days)
  • Hillary Clinton (1993–2001) Born (1947-10-26)October 26, 1947 (age 77 years, 36 days)
    Hillary Clinton
    (1993–2001)
    Born (1947-10-26)October 26, 1947
    (age 77 years, 36 days)
  • Jill Biden (2021–present) Born (1951-06-03)June 3, 1951 (age 73 years, 181 days)
    Jill Biden
    (2021–present)
    Born (1951-06-03)June 3, 1951
    (age 73 years, 181 days)
  • Michelle Obama (2009–2017) Born (1964-01-17)January 17, 1964 (age 60 years, 319 days)
    Michelle Obama
    (2009–2017)
    Born (1964-01-17)January 17, 1964
    (age 60 years, 319 days)
  • Melania Trump (2017–2021) Born (1970-04-26)April 26, 1970 (age 54 years, 219 days)[14]
    Melania Trump
    (2017–2021)
    Born (1970-04-26)April 26, 1970
    (age 54 years, 219 days)[14]

List

[edit]

This list includes all persons who served as first ladies, regardless of whether they were married to the incumbent president or not, as well as persons who are considered first ladies by the official White House website and the White House Historical Association. It is sorted by the name the first ladies were commonly known as.

POTUS
No.
 Portrait Name Tenure Age at tenure start President
(Husband, unless noted)
1 Portrait of Martha Washington Martha Washington
June 2, 1731 – May 22, 1802
(aged 70)
[15][16]
 April 30, 1789
–
March 4, 1797 		57 years, 321 days George Washington
m. January 6, 1759
2 Portrait painting of Abigail Adams Abigail Adams
November 22, 1744 – October 28, 1818
(aged 73)
[17][18]
 March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801 		52 years, 102 days John Adams
m. October 25, 1764
3 Portrait painting of Martha Jefferson Martha Jefferson
September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836
(aged 64)
[4][5]
 March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809 		28 years, 158 days Thomas Jefferson
Father
[A]
4 Portrait painting of Dolly Madison Dolley Madison
May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849
(aged 81)
[19][20] 		March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817 		40 years, 288 days James Madison
m. September 14, 1794
5 Portrait painting of Elizabeth Monroe Elizabeth Monroe
June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830
(aged 62)
[21][22] 		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		48 years, 247 days James Monroe
m. February 16, 1786
6 Portrait engraving of Louisa Adams Louisa Adams
Birth country:  Great Britain
(present day  United Kingdom)
February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852
(aged 77)
[23][24] 		March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829 		50 years, 20 days John Quincy Adams
m. July 26, 1797
7 Emily Donelson

June 1, 1807 – December 19, 1836
(aged 29)
[25]

March 4, 1829
–
November 26, 1834 		21 years, 276 days Andrew Jackson
Uncle-in-law
Sarah Jackson

July 16, 1803 – August 23, 1887
(aged 84)
[26]

November 26, 1834
–
March 4, 1837 		31 years, 133 days Andrew Jackson
Father-in-law
8 Vacant March 4, 1837
–
November 27, 1838 		Vacant Martin Van Buren
Widower
Portrait painting of Angelica Singleton Van Buren Sarah Van Buren
February 13, 1818 – December 29, 1877
(aged 59)
[8][9] 		November 27, 1838
–
March 4, 1841 		20 years, 287 days Martin Van Buren
Father-in-law
9 Portrait painting of Anna Tuthill Harrison Anna Harrison
July 25, 1775 – February 25, 1864
(aged 88)
[27][28] 		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841 		65 years, 222 days William Henry Harrison
m. November 25, 1795
Portrait painting of Jane Irwin Harrison Jane Harrison
July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1847
(aged 42)
[28] 		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841 		36 years, 224 days William Henry Harrison
Father-in-law
10 Portrait painting of Letitia Tyler Letitia Tyler
November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842
(aged 51)
[29][30] 		April 4, 1841
–
September 10, 1842
† 		50 years, 143 days John Tyler
m. (1813-03-29)March 29, 1813
Portrait painting of Priscilla Cooper Tyler Priscilla Tyler
June 14, 1816 – December 29, 1889
(aged 73)
[31] 		September 10, 1842
–
June 26, 1844 		26 years, 88 days John Tyler
Father-in-law
[B]
Portrait painting of Julia Tyler Julia Tyler
May 4, 1820 – July 10, 1889
(aged 69)
[32][33] 		June 26, 1844
–
March 4, 1845 		24 years, 53 days John Tyler
m. June 26, 1844
Married while president
11 Portrait painting of Sarah Polk Sarah Polk
September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891
(aged 87)
[34][35] 		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		41 years, 181 days James K. Polk
m. January 1, 1824
12 Portrait painting of Margaret Taylor Margaret "Peggy" Taylor
September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852
(aged 63)
[36][37] 		March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850 		60 years, 164 days Zachary Taylor
m. June 21, 1810
13 Portrait painting of Abigail Fillmore Abigail Fillmore
March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853
(aged 55)
[38][39] 		July 9, 1850
–
March 4, 1853 		52 years, 118 days Millard Fillmore
m. February 5, 1826
14 Engraving of Jane Pierce Jane Pierce
March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863
(aged 57)
[40][41] 		March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857 		46 years, 357 days Franklin Pierce
m. November 19, 1834
15 Portrait photograph of Harriet Lane Harriet Lane
May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903
(aged 73)
[42][43] 		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		26 years, 299 days James Buchanan
Uncle
16 Portrait photograph of Mary Lincoln Mary Lincoln
December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882
(aged 63)
[44][45] 		March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865 		42 years, 81 days Abraham Lincoln
m. November 4, 1842
17 Portrait engraving of Eliza Johnson Eliza Johnson
October 4, 1810 – January 15, 1876
(aged 65)
[46][47] 		April 15, 1865
–
March 4, 1869 		54 years, 193 days Andrew Johnson
m. May 17, 1827
18 Portrait photograph of Julia Grant Julia Grant
January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902
(aged 76)
[48][49] 		March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877 		43 years, 37 days Ulysses S. Grant
m. August 22, 1848
19 Portrait photograph of Lucy Hayes Lucy Hayes
August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889
(aged 57)
[50][51] 		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		45 years, 188 days Rutherford B. Hayes
m. December 30, 1852
20 Portrait photograph of Lucretia Garfield Lucretia Garfield
April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918
(aged 85)
[52][53] 		March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881 		48 years, 319 days James A. Garfield
m. November 11, 1858
21 Portrait of Mary Arthur McElroy Mary McElroy
July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917
(aged 75)
[54] 		September 19, 1881
–
March 4, 1885 		40 years, 76 days Chester A. Arthur
Brother
22 Portrait of Rose Cleveland Rose Cleveland
June 13, 1846 – November 22, 1918
(aged 72)
[55] 		March 4, 1885
–
June 2, 1886 		38 years, 264 days Grover Cleveland
Brother
Portrait of Frances Cleveland Frances Cleveland
July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947
(aged 83)
[56][57] 		June 2, 1886
–
March 4, 1889 		21 years, 316 days Grover Cleveland
m. June 2, 1886
Married while president
23 Portrait of Caroline Harrison Caroline Harrison
October 1, 1832 – October 25, 1892
(aged 60)
[58][59] 		March 4, 1889
–
October 25, 1892
† 		56 years, 154 days Benjamin Harrison
m. October 20, 1853
Portrait of Mary Harrison McKee Mary Harrison McKee
April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930
(aged 72)
[59] 		October 25, 1892
–
March 4, 1893 		34 years, 205 days Benjamin Harrison
Father
24 Portrait of Frances Cleveland Frances Cleveland
July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947
(aged 83)
[56][57] 		March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 		28 years, 226 days Grover Cleveland
m. June 2, 1886
Remarried 1913
25 Portrait of Ida McKinley Ida McKinley
June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907
(aged 59)
[60][61] 		March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901 		49 years, 269 days William McKinley
m. January 25, 1871
26 Portrait of Edith Roosevelt Edith Roosevelt
August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948
(aged 87)
[62][63] 		September 14, 1901
–
March 4, 1909 		40 years, 39 days Theodore Roosevelt
m. December 2, 1886
27 Portrait of Helen Taft Helen "Nellie" Taft
June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943
(aged 81)
[64][65] 		March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913 		47 years, 275 days William H. Taft
m. June 19, 1886
28 Portrait of Ellen Wilson Ellen Wilson
May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914
(aged 54)
[66][67] 		March 4, 1913
–
August 6, 1914
† 		52 years, 293 days Woodrow Wilson
m. June 24, 1885
Portrait of Margaret Woodrow Wilson Margaret Wilson
April 16, 1886 – February 12, 1944
(aged 57)
[67][68] 		August 6, 1914
–
December 18, 1915 		28 years, 112 days Woodrow Wilson
Father
Portrait of Edith Wilson Edith Wilson
October 15, 1872 – December 28, 1961
(aged 89)
[69][70] 		December 18, 1915
–
March 4, 1921 		43 years, 64 days Woodrow Wilson
m. December 18, 1915
Married while president
29 Portrait of Florence Harding Florence Harding
August 15, 1860 – November 21, 1924
(aged 64)
[71][72] 		March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923 		60 years, 201 days Warren G. Harding
m. July 8, 1891
30 Grace Coolidge Grace Coolidge
January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957
(aged 78)
[73][74] 		August 2, 1923
–
March 4, 1929 		44 years, 211 days Calvin Coolidge
m. October 4, 1905
31 Portrait of Lou Hoover Lou Hoover
March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944
(aged 69)
[75][76] 		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 		54 years, 340 days Herbert Hoover
m. February 10, 1899
32 Portrait of Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt
October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962
(aged 78)
[77][78] 		March 4, 1933
–
April 12, 1945 		48 years, 144 days Franklin D. Roosevelt
m. March 17, 1905
33 Portrait of Bess Truman Elizabeth "Bess" Truman
February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982
(aged 97)
[79][80] 		April 12, 1945
–
January 20, 1953 		60 years, 58 days Harry S. Truman
m. June 28, 1919
34 Portrait of Mamie Eisenhower Mary "Mamie" Eisenhower
November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979
(aged 82)
[81][82] 		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961 		56 years, 67 days Dwight D. Eisenhower
m. July 1, 1916
35 Portrait Of Jaqueline Kennedy Jacqueline "Jackie" Kennedy
July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994
(aged 64)
[83][84] 		January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963 		31 years, 176 days John F. Kennedy
m. September 12, 1953
Remarried 1968
36 Portrait of Lady Bird Johnson Claudia "Lady Bird" Johnson
December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007
(aged 94)
[85][86] 		November 22, 1963
–
January 20, 1969 		50 years, 335 days Lyndon B. Johnson
m. November 17, 1934
37 Portrait of Pat Nixon Thelma "Pat" Nixon
March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993
(aged 81)
[87][88] 		January 20, 1969
–
August 9, 1974 		56 years, 310 days Richard Nixon
m. June 21, 1940
38 Portrait of Betty Ford Elizabeth "Betty" Ford
April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011
(aged 93)
[89][90] 		August 9, 1974
–
January 20, 1977 		56 years, 123 days Gerald Ford
m. October 15, 1948
39 Portrait of Rosalynn Carter Rosalynn Carter
August 18, 1927 – November 19, 2023
(aged 96)
[91][92] 		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981 		49 years, 155 days Jimmy Carter
m. July 7, 1946
40 Portrait of Nancy Reagan Nancy Reagan
July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016
(aged 94)
[93][94] 		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989 		59 years, 203 days Ronald Reagan
m. March 4, 1952
41 Portrait of Barbara Bush Barbara Bush
June 8, 1925 – April 17, 2018
(aged 92)
[95][96] 		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		63 years, 226 days George H. W. Bush
m. January 6, 1945
42 Portrait of Hillary Rodham Clinton Hillary Clinton
Born (1947-10-26) October 26, 1947 (age 77)
[97][98] 		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001 		45 years, 86 days Bill Clinton
m. October 11, 1975
43 Portrait of Laura Bush Laura Bush
Born (1946-11-04) November 4, 1946 (age 78)
[99][100] 		January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009 		54 years, 77 days George W. Bush
m. November 5, 1977
44 Portrait of Michelle Obama Michelle Obama
Born (1964-01-17) January 17, 1964 (age 60)
[101][102] 		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017 		45 years, 3 days Barack Obama
m. October 3, 1992
45 Photograph of Melania Trump Melania Trump
Birth country:  Yugoslavia
(present day  Slovenia)
Born (1970-04-26) April 26, 1970 (age 54)
[103][104] 		January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021 		46 years, 269 days Donald Trump
m. January 22, 2005
46 Photograph of Jill Biden Jill Biden
Born (1951-06-03) June 3, 1951 (age 73)
[105] 		January 20, 2021
–
present
 69 years, 231 days Joe Biden
m. June 17, 1977

First Lady-designate

[edit]
POTUS
No.
 Portrait Name Tenure Age at tenure start President-elect
(Husband, unless noted)
47 Photograph of Melania Trump Melania Trump
Birth country:  Yugoslavia
(present day  Slovenia)
Born (1970-04-26) April 26, 1970 (age 54)
[106][107] 		To take role on
January 20, 2025 		54 years, 269 days Donald Trump
m. January 22, 2005

Other spouses of presidents of the United States

[edit]

Certain spouses of presidents of the United States are not considered first ladies of the United States.

Four presidents were widowed prior to their presidencies:

Two presidents were widowed and remarried prior to their presidencies:

Two presidents were divorced and remarried prior to their presidencies:

Two presidents remarried after their presidencies:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jefferson's spouse, Martha Jefferson, died before he became president. Their daughter, Martha, is considered first lady by the White House Historical Association.
  2. ^ Robert and Priscilla Tyler left the White House for Philadelphia in March 1844, knowing that Julia Gardiner Tyler was set to marry the president and become the new White House hostess.[citation needed] President Tyler's daughter, Letitia Tyler-Semple, saw to White House social affairs until the wedding.[citation needed] This meant during President Tyler's one term as president, four ladies served as first lady, though two were in that role unofficially.[citation needed] Semple served in this role from March to June 1844.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Caroli, Betty Boyd (2003). First Ladies from Martha Washington to Laura Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 200.
  2. ^ Wiesen Cook, Blanche (1992). Eleanor Roosevelt: 1884–1933. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-80486-3.
  3. ^ "Dr. Jill Biden". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
  4. ^ a b "Biography of Martha Jefferson". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  5. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Martha Jefferson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  6. ^ "Biography of Rachel Jackson". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  7. ^ "First Lady Biography: Rachel Jackson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  8. ^ a b "Biography of Hannah Van Buren". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  9. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Hannah Van Buren". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  10. ^ "Biography of Ellen Arthur". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 20, 2009 – via National Archives.
  11. ^ "First Lady Biography: Ellen Arthur". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  12. ^ "The First Spouse Gold Coins". United States Mint. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  13. ^ 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II) Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. The First Spouse Gold Coins. Cornell University. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
  14. ^ Collins, Lauren (May 9, 2016). "The Model American: Melania Trump is the exception to her husband's nativist politics". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
  15. ^ "Biography of Martha Washington". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  16. ^ "First Lady Biography: Martha Washington". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  17. ^ "Biography of Abigail Adams". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  18. ^ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Adams". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  19. ^ "Biography of Dolley Madison". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  20. ^ "First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  21. ^ "Biography of Elizabeth Monroe". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  22. ^ "First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  23. ^ "Biography of Louisa Adams". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  24. ^ "First Lady Biography: Louisa Adams". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  25. ^ "Emily Donelson". WHHA. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
  26. ^ "First Ladies Never Married to Presidents: Sarah Jackson". www.firstladies.org. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
  27. ^ "Biography of Anna Harrison". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  28. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Anna Harrison". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  29. ^ "Biography of Letitia Tyler". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  30. ^ "First Lady Biography: Letitia Tyler". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  31. ^ "Letitia Tyler Biography :: National First Ladies' Library". Firstladies.org. December 28, 1907. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
  32. ^ "Biography of Julia Tyler". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  33. ^ "First Lady Biography: Julia Tyler". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  34. ^ "Biography of Sarah Polk". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  35. ^ "First Lady Biography: Sarah Polk". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  36. ^ "Biography of Margaret Taylor". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  37. ^ "First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  38. ^ "Biography of Abigail Fillmore". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  39. ^ "First Lady Biography: Abigail Fillmore". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  40. ^ "Biography of Jane Pierce". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  41. ^ "First Lady Biography: Jane Pierce". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  42. ^ "Biography of Harriet Lane". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  43. ^ "First Lady Biography: Harriet Lane". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  44. ^ "Biography of Mary Lincoln". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  45. ^ "First Lady Biography: Mary Lincoln". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  46. ^ "Biography of Eliza McCardle Johnson". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  47. ^ "First Lady Biography: Eliza Johnson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  48. ^ "Biography of Julia Grant". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  49. ^ "First Lady Biography: Julia Grant". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  50. ^ "Biography of Lucy Hayes". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  51. ^ "First Lady Biography: Lucy Hayes". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  52. ^ "Biography of Lucretia Garfield". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  53. ^ "First Lady Biography: Lucretia Garfield". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  54. ^ "Mary Arthur McElroy, White House hostess for President Chester Arthur". loc.gov. Library of Congress. 1885. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  55. ^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Cleveland, Grover" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
  56. ^ a b "Biography of Frances Cleveland". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  57. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Frances Cleveland". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  58. ^ "Biography of Caroline Harrison". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  59. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Caroline Harrison". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  60. ^ "Biography of Ida McKinley". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  61. ^ "First Lady Biography: Ida McKinley". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  62. ^ "Biography of Edith Roosevelt". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  63. ^ "First Lady Biography: Edith Roosevelt". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  64. ^ "Biography of Helen Taft". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  65. ^ "First Lady Biography: Helen Taft". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  66. ^ "Biography of Ellen Wilson". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  67. ^ a b "First Lady Biography: Ellen Wilson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  68. ^ "First Lady - Ellen Wilson". C-SPAN.
  69. ^ "Biography of Edith Wilson". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  70. ^ "First Lady Biography: Edith Wilson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  71. ^ "Biography of Florence Harding". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  72. ^ "First Lady Biography: Florence Harding". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  73. ^ "Biography of Grace Coolidge". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  74. ^ "First Lady Biography: Grace Coolidge". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  75. ^ "Biography of Lou Hoover". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  76. ^ "First Lady Biography: Lou Hoover". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  77. ^ "Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  78. ^ "First Lady Biography: Eleanor Roosevelt". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  79. ^ "Biography of Bess Truman". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  80. ^ "First Lady Biography: Bess Truman". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  81. ^ "Biography of Mamie Eisenhower". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  82. ^ "First Lady Biography: Mamie Eisenhower". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  83. ^ "Biography of Jacqueline Kennedy". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  84. ^ "First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  85. ^ "Biography of Lady Bird Johnson". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  86. ^ "First Lady Biography: Lady Bird Johnson". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  87. ^ "Biography of Pat Nixon". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  88. ^ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  89. ^ "Biography of Betty Ford". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  90. ^ "First Lady Biography: Betty Ford". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  91. ^ "Biography of Rosalynn Carter". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  92. ^ "First Lady Biography: Rosalynn Carter". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  93. ^ "Biography of Nancy Reagan". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  94. ^ "First Lady Biography: Nancy Reagan". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  95. ^ "Biography of Barbara Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  96. ^ "First Lady Biography: Barbara Bush". National First Ladies' Library. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  97. ^ "Biography of Hillary Clinton". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  98. ^ "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  99. ^ "Biography of Laura Bush". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  100. ^ "First Lady Biography: Laura Bush". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  101. ^ "Biography of Michelle Obama". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2010 – via National Archives.
  102. ^ "First Lady Biography: Michelle Obama". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  103. ^ "Biography of Melania Trump". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via National Archives.
  104. ^ "First Lady Biography: Melania Trump". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
  105. ^ "Biography of Jill Biden". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2021 – via National Archives.
  106. ^ "Biography of Melania Trump". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via National Archives.
  107. ^ "First Lady Biography: Melania Trump". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
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