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Cheyenne, Wyoming

Coordinates: 41°8′24″N 104°49′13″W / 41.14000°N 104.82028°W / 41.14000; -104.82028
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For other uses of the term, see Cheyenne (disambiguation).

Cheyenne
State capital and city
Left to right from top: Downtown Cheyenne, Cheyenne Depot Museum, Union Pacific Big Boy 4004 and the Wyoming State Capitol
Flag of Cheyenne
Flag
Official seal of Cheyenne
Seal
Nickname: 
"Magic City of the Plains" (historic)
Location in Laramie County in Wyoming
Location in Laramie County in Wyoming
Cheyenne is located in Wyoming
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Location within the state of Wyoming
Cheyenne is located in the United States
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Location within the United States
Cheyenne is located in North America
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Location within North America
Coordinates: 41°8′24″N 104°49′13″W / 41.14000°N 104.82028°W / 41.14000; -104.82028
CountryUnited States
StateWyoming
CountyLaramie
Founded1867
Named forCheyenne people
Government
 • MayorPatrick Collins[1]
Area
[2]
 • City
32.37 sq mi (83.84 km2)
 • Land32.26 sq mi (83.55 km2)
 • Water0.11 sq mi (0.29 km2)  0.45%
Elevation
[3]
6,086 ft (1,855 m)
Population
 (2020)[4]
 • City
65,132
 • Density1,991.23/sq mi (768.82/km2)
Time zoneUTC−7 (Mountain)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (Mountain)
ZIP Code
82001–82003, 82006–82010
Area code307
FIPS code56-13900[5]
GNIS feature ID1609077[3]
Websitecheyennecity.org

Cheyenne (/ʃaɪˈæn/ shy-AN or /ʃaɪˈɛn/ shy-EN) is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Wyoming, as well as the county seat of Laramie County, with 65,132 residents, per the 2020 census.[6] It is the principal city of the Cheyenne metropolitan statistical area which encompasses all of Laramie County and had 100,512 residents as of the 2020 census. Local residents named the town for the Cheyenne Native American people in 1867 when it was founded in the Dakota Territory. Along with Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Topeka, Kansas, Cheyenne is one of three state capitals with an indigenous name in a state with an indigenous name.

Cheyenne is the northern terminus of the extensive Southern Rocky Mountain Front, which extends southward to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and includes the fast-growing Front Range Urban Corridor.[4][7] Cheyenne is situated on Crow Creek and Dry Creek.

History

[edit]
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Cheyenne, Wyoming.

At a celebration on July 4, 1867, Grenville M. Dodge of the Union Pacific Railroad announced the selection of a townsite for its mountain region[failed verification] headquarters adjacent to the bridge the railroad planned to build across Crow Creek in the Territory of Dakota.[8] At the same celebration, Major General Christopher C. Augur announced the selection of a site three miles (5 km) west of Crow Creek Crossing for a U.S. Army fort to protect the railroad.[9]

The Union Pacific Railroad platted its Crow Creek Crossing townsite on July 5, 1867.[10] Residents named the town Cheyenne for the Cheyenne Native American people.[11] On August 8, 1867, the Town of Cheyenne, Dakota Territory was incorporated, and on August 10, 1867, H. M. Hook was elected as Cheyenne's first mayor.[11] The tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad reached Cheyenne on November 13, 1867, and the first train arrived the following day.[10] Cheyenne grew so quickly it gained the nickname of "Magic City of the Plains".[8]

On September 8, 1867, the United States Army established Fort D.A. Russell in honor of Brigadier General David Allen Russell.[9] Initially a cavalry encampment, construction of the fort began the following month.[8] The fort was renamed Fort Francis E. Warren in 1930 in honor of the first Governor of the State of Wyoming, Francis E. Warren.[12] The fort was transferred to the new United States Air Force and was renamed Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in October 1949.[12]

On July 25, 1868, the United States organized the Territory of Wyoming.[13] Territorial Governor John Allen Campbell arrived in Cheyenne on May 7, 1869, and named Cheyenne the temporary territorial capital.[14] Cheyenne has remained the only capital of Wyoming. On December 10, 1869, the first session of the Wyoming Territorial Legislature met in Cheyenne.[14] That day, the legislature passed and Territorial Governor Campbell signed an act to re-incorporate the Town of Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, and an act granting women the right to vote, the first U.S. state or territory to grant suffrage to women.[14]

On July 10, 1890, the Territory of Wyoming was admitted to the Union as the State of Wyoming.[15] The Wyoming State Capitol was constructed between 1886 and 1890, with further improvements being completed in 1917.

The Cheyenne Regional Airport was opened in 1920, initially serving as a stop for airmail. It soon developed into a civil-military airport, serving DC-3s and various military craft. During World War II, hundreds of B-17s, B-24s, and PBYs were outfitted and upgraded at the airfield. Today, it serves a number of military functions, and as a high-altitude testbed for civilian craft.[16]

Geography

[edit]

Lying near the southeast corner of the state, Cheyenne is one of the least centrally located state capitals in the nation (together with cities such as Carson City, Nevada; Juneau, Alaska; Tallahassee, Florida; Topeka, Kansas; and Trenton, New Jersey).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.63 square miles (63.79 km2), of which 24.52 square miles (63.51 km2) is land and 0.11 square miles (0.28 km2) is water.[17]

Climate

[edit]
Climate chart for Cheyenne

Cheyenne, like much of Wyoming, has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) and is part of USDA Hardiness zone 5b, with the suburbs falling in zone 5a.[18] Winters are cold and moderately long, but relatively dry with highs often above freezing, having a normal mean temperature of 27.7 °F (−2.4 °C), highs that fail to breach freezing for 35 days per year, and lows that dip to the 0 °F (−18 °C) mark on 9.2 mornings.[19] However, the cold is often interrupted, with chinook winds blowing downslope from the Rockies that can bring warm conditions, bringing the high above 50 °F (10 °C) on twenty days from December to February.[19]

While December is the coldest month, snowfall is greatest in March and April, seasonally averaging 60 inches (1,500 mm), historically ranging from 13.1 inches (330 mm) between July 1965 and June 1966 up to 121.5 inches (3,090 mm) between July 1979 and June 1980, yet thick snow cover rarely stays.[19] Summers are warm, with a high diurnal temperature range; July averages 69.4 °F (20.8 °C), and highs reach 90 °F (32 °C) on average for twelve afternoons annually. Spring and autumn are quick transitions, with the average window for freezing temperatures being September 29 thru May 14, allowing a growing season of 106 days.[19] Official record temperatures range from −38 °F (−39 °C) on January 9, 1875, up to 100 °F (38 °C) on June 23, 1954, the last of four occurrences; the record cold daily maximum is −21 °F (−29 °C) on January 11, 1963, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 68 °F (20 °C) on July 31, 1960.[19] The annual precipitation of 15.9 inches (400 mm) tends to be concentrated from May to August and is low during fall and winter; it has historically ranged from 5.04 inches (128.0 mm) in 1876 to 23.69 inches (602 mm) in 1942.[19]

The city averages below 60% daily relative humidity in each month and receives an average 2,980 hours (~67% of the possible total) of sunshine annually. On July 16, 1979, an F3 tornado struck Cheyenne, causing one death and 40 injuries.[20] It was the most destructive tornado in Wyoming history.[21]

Climate data for Cheyenne Regional Airport, Wyoming (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1872−present[b])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 70
(21) 		71
(22) 		77
(25) 		84
(29) 		91
(33) 		100
(38) 		100
(38) 		98
(37) 		97
(36) 		85
(29) 		75
(24) 		70
(21) 		100
(38)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 58.4
(14.7) 		60.0
(15.6) 		68.6
(20.3) 		74.8
(23.8) 		82.7
(28.2) 		90.8
(32.7) 		94.4
(34.7) 		92.5
(33.6) 		88.1
(31.2) 		78.5
(25.8) 		67.2
(19.6) 		58.8
(14.9) 		95.2
(35.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 40.0
(4.4) 		40.6
(4.8) 		49.1
(9.5) 		54.8
(12.7) 		64.4
(18.0) 		76.7
(24.8) 		84.1
(28.9) 		82.0
(27.8) 		73.3
(22.9) 		59.1
(15.1) 		47.5
(8.6) 		39.3
(4.1) 		59.2
(15.1)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.2
(−1.6) 		29.5
(−1.4) 		37.1
(2.8) 		42.8
(6.0) 		52.3
(11.3) 		63.1
(17.3) 		70.1
(21.2) 		68.1
(20.1) 		59.6
(15.3) 		46.5
(8.1) 		36.1
(2.3) 		28.7
(−1.8) 		46.9
(8.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.4
(−7.6) 		18.4
(−7.6) 		25.1
(−3.8) 		30.8
(−0.7) 		40.2
(4.6) 		49.4
(9.7) 		56.1
(13.4) 		54.3
(12.4) 		45.8
(7.7) 		33.9
(1.1) 		24.7
(−4.1) 		18.1
(−7.7) 		34.6
(1.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −5.8
(−21.0) 		−3.8
(−19.9) 		6.6
(−14.1) 		16.2
(−8.8) 		26.6
(−3.0) 		38.5
(3.6) 		47.1
(8.4) 		44.8
(7.1) 		31.9
(−0.1) 		16.4
(−8.7) 		3.2
(−16.0) 		−4.7
(−20.4) 		−13.0
(−25.0)
Record low °F (°C) −38
(−39) 		−34
(−37) 		−21
(−29) 		−8
(−22) 		8
(−13) 		25
(−4) 		33
(1) 		25
(−4) 		8
(−13) 		−5
(−21) 		−21
(−29) 		−28
(−33) 		−38
(−39)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.35
(8.9) 		0.52
(13) 		0.96
(24) 		1.79
(45) 		2.44
(62) 		2.16
(55) 		2.11
(54) 		1.52
(39) 		1.47
(37) 		1.00
(25) 		0.61
(15) 		0.48
(12) 		15.41
(391)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.3
(16) 		9.0
(23) 		9.7
(25) 		11.3
(29) 		3.4
(8.6) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.0
(2.5) 		5.9
(15) 		7.5
(19) 		8.8
(22) 		62.9
(160)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 3.8
(9.7) 		3.9
(9.9) 		3.8
(9.7) 		3.4
(8.6) 		1.7
(4.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.5
(1.3) 		2.8
(7.1) 		4.0
(10) 		4.4
(11) 		8.5
(22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.1 6.9 7.9 10.6 12.9 10.7 10.5 10.3 7.3 7.1 6.2 6.0 101.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.9 7.3 6.8 6.8 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 3.2 5.8 6.7 45.0
Average relative humidity (%) 52.5 54.6 56.1 54.3 55.8 53.5 51.3 51.4 51.5 50.0 53.6 54.0 53.2
Average dew point °F (°C) 9.9
(−12.3) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		17.1
(−8.3) 		24.1
(−4.4) 		33.3
(0.7) 		41.4
(5.2) 		46.2
(7.9) 		44.4
(6.9) 		35.8
(2.1) 		25.5
(−3.6) 		17.4
(−8.1) 		11.1
(−11.6) 		26.6
(−3.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 190.7 202.6 253.1 271.9 291.9 303.2 317.5 297.4 262.3 237.0 178.8 175.4 2,981.8
Percent possible sunshine 64 68 68 68 65 67 69 70 70 69 60 61 67
Average ultraviolet index 1.7 2.7 4.5 6.4 8.2 9.7 10.2 8.8 6.5 3.9 2.2 1.4 5.5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew points and sun 1961−1990)[19][23][24]
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)[25]
Climate data for Cheyenne
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.3
Average Ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 9 10 10 9 7 4 2 1 5.8
Source: Weather Atlas[26]

See or edit raw graph data.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18701,450—
18803,456138.3%
189011,690238.3%
190014,08720.5%
191011,320−19.6%
192013,82922.2%
193017,36125.5%
194022,47429.5%
195031,93542.1%
196043,50536.2%
197041,254−5.2%
198047,28314.6%
199050,0085.8%
200053,0116.0%
201059,46612.2%
202065,1329.5%
2022 (est.)64,610−0.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[27]
1870–2000 census[28]
[29]

In 2020, Cheyenne had a total population of 65,132.[29] As of the census of 2010,[4] there were 59,467 people, 25,558 households, and 15,270 families living in the city. The population density was 2,425.2 inhabitants per square mile (936.4/km2). There were 27,284 housing units at an average density of 1,112.7 per square mile (429.6/km2). As of the census of 2000,[5] there were 53,011 people, 22,324 households, 14,175 families living in the city, and 81,607 people living in the metropolitan statistical area, making it the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Wyoming. The population density was 2,511.4 inhabitants per square mile (969.6/km2). There were 23,782 housing units at an average density of 1,126.7 per square mile (435.0/km2).

At the 2019 American Community Survey, the city had an owner-occupied housing rate of 65.9% with a median value at $214,300. There were 27,344 households from 2015 to 2019, and an average of 2.20 persons per household.[30] Residents of Cheyenne had a median household income of $64,598 and per capita of $35,637. An estimated 10.4% lived at or below the poverty line.

In 2010, there were 25,558 households, of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.3% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.92. In 2000, there were 22,324 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.93.

The median age in the city was 36.5 years at the 2010 census. Twenty-four percent of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.7% female. In 2000, 24.9% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,856, and the median income for a family was $46,771. Males had a median income of $32,286 versus $24,529 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,809. About 6.3% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.

Ethnicity

[edit]

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 77.1% non-Hispanic white, 1.7% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.5% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 6.7% two or more races, and 15.9% Hispanic or Latin American of any race, in 2020.[31]

In 2010, the racial makeup of the city was 87.44% White, 2.88% African American, 0.96% Native American, 1.24% Asian, 0.20% Pacific Islander, 4.0% from other races, and 3.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.45% of the population. At the 2005–2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, the city's population was 87.2% White (79.3% non-Hispanic White alone), 12.7% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 4.5% Black or African American, 2.5% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.1% Asian and 6.4% from some other race.[32]

In 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 88.1% White, 2.8% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.4% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. 12.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Arts and culture

[edit]
Bulldogging at Cheyenne Frontier Days, 1910

Cheyenne Frontier Days, which is held over ten days centered around the last full week in July, is known as the largest outdoor rodeo and western festival in the world. The events include professional bull riding, calf roping, barrel racing, steer wrestling, team roping, bronc riding, steer roping, bareback riding, and many others. During this week there are many parades and other events. Additionally there is a carnival with numerous rides, games, and shops. The festival has been held since 1897.[33]

Landmarks

[edit]
Cheyenne's VFW post (1980), a roadside attraction. Photo by John Margolies.

National Register of Historic Places

[edit]

Over fifty different locations in Cheyenne are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including:

Several districts in the city are also listed, including:

Sports

[edit]

Sports venues in Cheyenne include the Cheyenne Ice and Events Center, Pioneer Park,[34] Powers Field,[35] Bison Stadium,[36][37] and Okie-Blanchard Stadium.[38]

In 2012, the Cheyenne Warriors were founded as an American Professional Football League team. After playing a season in the APFL, they announced a move to the Indoor Football League. Shortly after the owner of the team died in December, the Warriors announced that they were forming the new Developmental Football League. In May 2013, after playing several games in this new league, the team folded.

In 2020, the city of Cheyenne was chosen to host the historical match between Canadian Dave Leduc who was defending his Lethwei world title against American challenger Cyrus Washington.[39][40] The event marked the first time in the history of the ancient Burmese combat sport of Lethwei to be held in North America.[41][42][43] The event was held at the Outlaw Saloon[44] and was sanctioned by the World Lethwei Federation in partnership with the Wyoming Combat Sports Commission.[45] As of 2024, Wyoming is the first and only US State to have legalized Lethwei in its territory.[46]

Parks and recreation

[edit]
Lions Park

The Cheyenne Community Recreation and Events Department operates an Ice and Events center, swimming pool, spray park, skateboard park, two golf courses, Cheyenne Botanic Gardens (including the Paul Smith Children's Village at the Gardens), paddle boat rentals in Lions Park (summers only), cemeteries, forestry operations, community house, Youth Activity Center and a miniature golf park. The Cheyenne Parks and Recreation Department also operates a 37 miles (60 kilometers) Greater Cheyenne Greenway system. The greenway connects parks and neighborhoods of greater Cheyenne. It includes many bridges and underpasses where travelers can avoid high traffic roads and travel above waterways and drainages. It is known that the famous bicycler, Cheyenne Otero, spent many weekends there training for marathons. In 1996, as a result of the greenway, Cheyenne was named a "Trail Town USA" by the National Park service and the American Hiking Society.[47]

Government

[edit]

Cheyenne's government consists of a mayor and a city council, elected on a non-partisan basis. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote. The current Mayor, Patrick Collins, a bicycle shop owner, took office on January 4, 2021, with a term ending January 6, 2025. The city council has nine members each of whom are elected from one of three wards. Each ward elects three members. The mayor's office is responsible for managing the various city departments which consist of Police, Fire Rescue, Planning and Development, Engineering, Public Works, Treasury, Attorney's Office, Human Resources, and Municipal Court. The Planning and Development Department manages the Downtown Development Authority. [48] The Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities is owned by the city but is semi-autonomous.[49]

Education

[edit]

Public education in all of the city of Cheyenne is provided by Laramie County School District #1.[50] The district is served by four high schools, Central High on the northwest side, East High on the east side, South High on the south side, and Triumph High, also on the south side.

Cheyenne is home to the Laramie County Community College (LCCC), one of seven constituent campuses managed by the Wyoming Community College Commission.

Cheyenne has a public library, a branch of the Laramie County Library System.[51]

Media

[edit]
Main article: Media in Cheyenne, Wyoming
  • Wyoming Tribune Eagle newspaper
  • The Cheyenne Herald (OCLC 51310460) was written and published by Dave Featherly from 2002 to 2012.[52]
  • KGWN

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

Major highways

[edit]
Road network
  • I-25 – North–South Interstate running from New Mexico to Wyoming intersects I-80 southwest of Cheyenne.
  • I-80 – East-West Interstate running from California to New Jersey. Intersects I-25 southwest of Cheyenne.
  • I-180 – Bypass Interstate that runs concurrent with US 85 from I-80 to US 30.
  • US 30 (Lincoln Highway) – East–west route through Cheyenne
  • US 85 (South Greeley Highway, Central Avenue (Southbound), Warren Avenue (Northbound)) – North–South route through Cheyenne
  • US 87 – North–South through Cheyenne that runs concurrent with I-25 through Cheyenne
  • WYO 210 (Happy Jack Road) – East–west route from I-25/US 87 (Exit 10) west out of Cheyenne towards Laramie
  • WYO 211 (Horsecreek Road) – Runs northwest out of Cheyenne to Horse Creek.
  • WYO 212 (College Drive, Four Mile Road) – North–South route that forms a beltway around Cheyenne. From I-25 (Exit 7) to WYO 219
  • WYO 219 (Yellowstone Road) – North–South route from US 85 in Cheyenne near the Cheyenne Airport north out of the city
  • WYO 221 (Fox Farm Road) – East–west route from US 85 east to WYO 212 in Cheyenne
  • WYO 222 (Fort Access Road) – North–South route from WYO 225 just southeast of Cheyenne and travels north to F.E. Warren Air Force Base and continues on its north route east of the city to WYO 221
  • WYO 225 (Otto Road) – East–west route from I-80/US 30 southwest of Cheyenne west

Public transit

[edit]

Cheyenne Transit Program provides bus service to the Cheyenne area.[53]

Intercity bus service to the city is provided by Express Arrow and Greyhound Lines.[54]

Airports

[edit]

Cheyenne Regional Airport features daily, nonstop airline service on United Express to Denver International Airport.

Railroads

[edit]

The Union Pacific and BNSF railroads intersect in Cheyenne. The city is home to a BNSF railyard, as well as the Union Pacific's roundhouse that hosts their steam program. UP's operational steam locomotives 844 and 4014 reside in the steam shop. By November 2022, Challenger 3985 was moved to its new home at Silvis, Illinois, along with Centennial unit 6936, & 2-10-2 number 5511.[55]

Notable people

[edit]
Main category: People from Cheyenne, Wyoming

Sister cities

[edit]

Cheyenne's sister cities are:[92]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Cheyenne kept at the City Office from January 1871 to August 1935 and at Cheyenne Regional since September 1935.[22]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mayor's Office Archived February 2, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Cheyenne.
  2. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  5. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  6. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  7. ^ "Front Range – America 2050". America2050.org. Archived from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Becky Orr (June 30, 2017). "How Cheyenne got started" (PDF). Wyoming Tribune Eagle. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  9. ^ a b Jane R. Kendall (1946). "History of Fort Francis E. Warren". Annals of Wyoming, Volume 18. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  10. ^ a b Gregory Nickerson (November 8, 2014). "Industry, Politics and Power: the Union Pacific in Wyoming". The Wyoming State Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
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